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Abuja, Nigeria. May 14, 2013 – Latest weekly poll results released by NOI Polls have revealed that the majority of Nigerians (82%) believe that Bad Roads, followed by reckless driving, are mainly responsible for the spate of road accidents in the country. In addition, Nigerians are of the opinion that it is the responsibility of the Government to make the roads safer. These were two key findings from the poll on the Safety of Nigerian Roads conducted in the week of May 6th 2013. In a recent statement to mark the 2013 Global Road Safety Week, the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki Moon, announced that about 1.3 Million people die in road accidents each year, with as many as 50 million people sustaining injuries. It has also been estimated that over 80 percent of reported cases occur in developing countries, with African countries recording the highest deaths, and Nigeria placed amongst countries with the highest number of deaths. Road accidents have become a regular phenomenon in Nigeria. In 2011, the Corp Marshal of the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Mr Osita Chidoka, stated at a conference of the Institute of Safety Professionals that “Nigeria is currently 191st out of 192 countries of the world’s ‘unsafe’ roads”. Similarly, the FRSC reported that in the first half of 2012, 1,936 people were killed through road accidents in Nigeria. More recently, there have been media reports of severe road accidents which have resulted in serious injuries and claimed several lives, such as the reported loss of about 110 lives from multiple accidents on the Benin–Ore and Onitsha-Owerri express roads in April 2013, and the Damaturu–Gashua road accident which also killed 20 people. This recent spate of road accidents is very worrisome and requires concerted efforts. More so, the untold pain accidents bring to families, friends and relatives cannot be over emphasised. Clearly, there is need for drastic measures to stem the tide of road accidents and make Nigerian roads safer. Against this background and the recent Global Road Safety Week (6th-12th May 2013), NOI Polls conducted its recent poll on the safety of Nigerian roads. It is expected that the results & findings of this poll will beam the searchlight on the perception of Nigerians regarding road accidents and stimulate the much needed commentary in the social space to provide viable solutions. Respondents were asked five specific questions. The first question sought to establish the perception of Nigerians regarding the safety of roads? Respondents were asked: In your opinion, how safe are the roads in Nigeria? Overall, majority of the respondents (71% in total) are of the opinion that the roads in Nigeria are unsafe; with 58% who think the roads are “somewhat unsafe” and 13% who think they are “very unsafe’’. On the other hand, only 13% in total think the roads in Nigeria are safe; with 12% who think they are ‘’somewhat safe’’, while only 1% think they are ‘’very safe’’. Furthermore, 16% are neutral and think Nigerian roads are ‘neither safe nor unsafe’. However, when the results are analyzed in more detail, some interesting facts emerge. The South-East region has the highest proportion of people that think roads are unsafe (82% in total), followed by the South-South (79% in total). On the other hand, the North-Central has the highest proportion of respondents who think the roads are safe (18% in total), followed by the North-West (16% in total). Respondents were then asked the follow-up question: Why do you think roads are safe or unsafe?Respondents who indicated that Nigerian roads are safe (13% of the total) gave their opinions regarding why they think Nigerian roads are safe. The most popular reason (62%) given is that “FRSC is engaging in effective monitoring of the roads”, followed by 38% who are of the opinion that “there are on-going construction and maintenance works on some roads and they are improving”. For respondents who are of the opinion that roads in Nigerian are unsafe (71% of the total sample), the majority (72%) simply said “Most roads are bad and they lack maintenance”. Other reasons mentioned include “Bad materials or poor construction of roads”, “Drivers’ recklessness”, “poor road networks or no road signs or heavy duty vehicles”, “Inadequate security on roads or armed robbers” and “untrained drivers or uncompleted projects” amongst others. Moving forward, in order to assess the opinions of Nigerians regarding possible cause(s) of road accidents; respondents were asked: What do you think is mainly responsible for road accidents in Nigeria? To this question, respondents were encouraged to list several possible causes. The results show that majority of respondents (82%) think “Bad roads” is the leading cause of road accident in Nigeria, followed by “Drivers recklessness” (73%). Other possible reasons mentioned are “Drivers don’t go to driving school” (19%), “Drunk Driving” (18%), “Vehicles are not road worthy” (14%) and “No road signs” (5%). This finding indicating that “Bad roads” is the main cause of road accidents corroborates previous findings which suggested that Nigeria ranks high in the list of countries with unsafe roads. Consequently, respondents were asked: In your opinion which one of the following should be mainly responsible for reducing the number of road accidents in Nigeria? The majority (49%) think the Government at Federal, State and Local levels should be mainly responsible for reducing the number of road accidents in Nigeria. However, this is followed by a significant proportion of respondents (36%) who believe “Actual Road users” ought to bear the responsibility for reducing the number of road accidents. Furthermore, 14% think it is the responsibility of government agencies such as FRSC, VIO and LASTMA, while 2% think everyone is responsible. Looking across the geo-political zones, the North-Central has the highest proportion of respondents (58%) that think the government should be responsible for reducing road accidents, while the North-East has the highest proportion (40%) that think it is the responsibility of actual road users, and the South-West has the highest proportion of people (22%) who think government agencies ought to be responsible. Finally, respondents were asked the following question: In your opinion what do you think the Government can do to reduce road accident on Nigerian roads? The majority of Nigerians (70%) think that the Government should”Fix bad roads” in order to reduce the road accidents in Nigeria. This is followed by 35% who think that the government should “Empower government agencies such as FRSC, LASTMA etc”, 34% who think it’s about “Proper monitoring of road projects” and 33% said that “Traffic laws have to be enforced”. Other suggestions include “Road network has to be upgraded” (23%) and “Timely completion of road projects” (14%). In conclusion, the results indicate that the majority of Nigerians think that Bad Roads are mainly responsible for the recent spate of road accidents, followed by Driver’s recklessness or haste. In addition, other important areas have been identified such as untrained drivers, drunk driving and vehicles that are not road worthy. In this regard, majority of the respondents believe it is the responsibility of Government at various levels – Federal, State and LGA – to fix the roads and make them safer. Finally, we suggest that in addition to fixing the roads, government agencies such as the FRSC should be empowered and funded to do more. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted from May 7th to 9th 2013. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,002 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 4%. NOI Polls Limited is Nigeria’s leading opinion polling and research organisation, which works in technical partnership with the Gallup Organisation (USA), to conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOI Polls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOI Polls be acknowledged as author whenever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOI Polls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOI Polls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOI Polls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

Abuja, Nigeria. November 12th, 2013 – Special Edition Poll results released by NOIPolls Limited has revealed that 8 in 10 Nigerians (80%) indicated there is a high prevalence of child labour in Nigeria and the majority (86%) confirmed they usually see children engaged in physical labour and jobs in their localities. Furthermore, the vast majority of the respondents (72%) blamed poverty as the root cause for the high prevalence of child labour/slavery in Nigeria. The key suggestions that emerged from the poll to eradicate child labour in Nigeria were “Free and compulsory basic education” (34%); “Creation of more job opportunities”(27%); as well as the “Creation of poverty eradication programmes and youth empowerment schemes” (19%) to generally improve the livelihoods of Nigerians which will in turn reduce the reliance on child labour for survival. These were the key findings from the Child Labour Special Edition Poll conducted in the week of November 4th 2013. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defined child labour as “Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. This refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; interferes with their schooling by; depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; obliging them to leave school prematurely; or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work”. The ILO further explains that the most extreme forms of child labour involves children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities mostly at a very early age.[1] Despite several measures to combat child labour, it continues to remain of great concern in Nigeria. The Nigerian Child’s Rights law which took into account the rights guaranteed in the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child was passed in 2003. 10 years after its incorporation in the Nigerian law, the child labour situation has worsened as millions of children are still engaged in child labour activities. In line with this, the International Labour Organization estimates that about 25% of Nigeria’s 80 million children under the age of 14 are involved in child labour. Also recently the CNN world’s child labour index featured Nigeria amongst the top ten worst countries for child labour.[2] Against this background, NOIPolls conducted its special edition poll on Child labour/slavery in Nigeria to explore the views of Nigerians on the prevalence of the issue, as well as identify the causes and remedies that can help curb the situation. Respondents were asked five specific questions during the course of the poll. Firstly, In order to establish the current state of Child Labour in Nigeria, respondents were asked: In your opinion, how prevalent is the issue of child[3] labour in Nigeria? Findings from this question revealed that the vast majority of respondents (80%) affirmed that there is a high prevalence of child labour in Nigeria. Comparatively, 14% were of the opinion that the issue is moderately prevalent, 5% think it is lowly prevalent while 1% said it is not at all prevalent in Nigeria. Analysis based on geo-political zones revealed that the North-West zone (83%) had the highest number of respondents that said there is a high prevalence of child labour in Nigeria, this is followed by the South-Westzone and the South-East zone with 81% and 80% respectively. In addition, the North-Central zone (19%)had the highest number of respondents that said child labour is moderately prevalent. Secondly, in order to further establish the level of prevalence of child labour in Nigeria, respondents were asked:Personally, do you see children engaged in physical labour or jobs in your locality? Overall, the majority of respondents (86%) confirmed they usually see children engaged in physical labour, while 14%responded negatively indicating they do not see children engaged in physical labours or jobs in their various localities. From the geo-political standpoint, the South-South zone (91%) and the South-East zone (90%) had the highest proportion of Nigerians that confirmed they see children engaged in physical labour and jobs in their locality, while the North-East zone (24%) accounts for the highest proportion of respondents that responded negatively. The third question sought to explore the kinds of jobs children are usually engaged in across Nigeria. Respondents who admitted to seeing children engaged in physical labour/jobs (86%) in the previous question were asked: What type of labour or jobs do you see children engaged in? Findings revealed that the most common job that children are usually engaged in is “Street vending” (68%); this is followed by “Street begging/roaming”(31%) and “House work(house boys/girls); and farm related tasks”(26%). Other jobs include include “Cargo loading/offloading and other manual jobs” (14%) and “Bus conductors” (12%). Analysis by geo-political zones revealed that the South-South zone (89%) had the highest proportion of respondents that indicated “street vending” as the type of job children are usually engaged, while the North-West (38%) and the North-Central (37%) zones accounted for the highest proportion of respondents that indicated “Street begging/roaming”. In addition, the North-Central zone (35%) also accounts for the highest proportion of respondent that suggested “Cargo loading/offloading and other manual jobs” Furthermore, in order to investigate the reasons for the high prevalence of child labour in Nigeria, respondents were asked: In your opinion, what is the main reason for the incidence of child labour in Nigeria?In reaction to this, the vast majority of the respondents (72%) blamed “poverty” as the root cause for the high prevalence of child labour/slavery in Nigeria. Other reasons mentioned include “Illiteracy” (12%), “poor parenting; parental neglect (5%) and 4% blame “poor access/high cost of education”. Analysis based on geo-political zone revealed that the highest proportion of Nigerians that attributed the prevalence of child labour in Nigeria to poverty were from the South-East zone (82%) while the North-Westzone (19%) accounts for the highest proportion of respondents that indicated Illiteracy as the major cause of child labour in Nigeria. In addition, the North-East zone (16%) had the highest number of respondents that identified “poor parenting; parental neglect” Finally, in order to identify measures for reducing the issue of child labour in Nigeria, respondents were asked:What suggestions do you have for eradicating/reducing child labour to the barest minimum in Nigeria? Responses suggested a wide range of measures for eradicating child labour in Nigeria. Overall the majority of respondents (34%) pointed out that “free and compulsory basic education” would go a long way in curbing the situation of child labour in Nigeria. This is followed by the “creation of more job opportunities”(27%) and the “creation of poverty eradication programmes; youth empowerment schemes” (19%) to improve the livelihoods of more Nigerians which will in turn would reduce the reliance on children for the survival. This further supports UNICEF’s approach to eradicating child labour in the world, which involves “improving the quality of education, preventing violence in homes and schools, addressing poverty and inequality and changing the cultural acceptance of child labour in communities so that all children can enjoy the kind of childhood parents everywhere aspire to provide” Furthermore, other suggestions that were given include the “creation of awareness on family planning, child labour and education” indicated by 18%; “law enforcement on child labour, child rights and child bearing” suggested by 5% of the respondents and the provision of basic infrastructure/amenities” suggested by another5%. Analysis from the geo-political zones standpoint showed that more Nigerians who are advocating for “free and compulsory basic education” were from the South-East (39%) and the North-East (38%) zones. In addition, the South-South zone (37%) accounts for the highest proportion of respondents that suggested “creation of more job opportunities”, while the South-West zone (25%) had more respondents that advisedthe “creation of poverty eradication programmes; youth empowerment schemes” would help eradicate child labour and slavery in Nigeria. It is key to note that during the survey we recorded quite a number of terminated calls; this was simply because some respondents were afraid that NOIPolls was a regulatory body calling to identify culprits of this social menace. In conclusion, findings from the child labour special edition poll has revealed that the majority of Nigerians (80%) confirmed there is a high prevalence of child labour in Nigeria and the vast majority of the respondents (86%) confirmed they usually see children engaged in physical labour/jobs. Furthermore, the most common type of job which children are usually seen engaged in are “Street hawking” (68%) and “Street begging/roaming” (31%). Additionally, the vast majority of the respondents (72%) blame poverty for the high prevalence of child labour/slavery in Nigeria. In order to reduce the issue to its barest minimum, the majority of respondents (34%) suggested that “free and compulsory basic education” would go a long way in curbing the situation of child labour in Nigeria. Also the “creation of more job opportunities” (27%) and the “creation of poverty eradication programmes; youth empowerment schemes” (19%) to improve the livelihoods of more Nigerians will in turn reduce the reliance on children for the survival. Thus, in the campaign against child labour in Nigeria there’s need for a revitalization of all key stakeholders and the adoption of holistic measures that would take into account the root causes of child labour. Furthermore, we recommend an increased commitment by policy makers and stakeholders to eradicating the issue of child labour in our society. Also, their strategies to combating this menace should be aligned with those of international organisations such as UNICEF, ILO who have consistently shown keen commitment to combating child labour all over the world. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted on November 4th to 6th 2013. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,017 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa, which works in technical partnership with the Gallup Organisation (USA), to conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] www.ilo.org [2] www.cnn.com [3] Children and minors younger than 18 years

19, November 2012. Hurray Nigeria is 52!!! From the fight of liberation herald by Nnamdi Azikiwe, Tafawa Balewa and Obafemi Awolowo, to the declaration of our freedom in 01, October 1960; Nigeria has grown to be the Giant of Africa. Since our independence in 1960, 01 October has become a very important day in the country’s history. It is a day celebrated with thankfulness, vigour and jubilee. A day marked with an array of activities, from the joyful singing of children on the streets to the Independence Day Grand Parade by the Armed forces of Nigeria. However, until about a few years ago, the aura, expectations, excitement and prospects that used to characterise Independence have all waned. The reasons are manifold; fifty-two years after securing freedom from British Colonialists, Nigeria is still enmeshed in a series of crises that threaten its continued existence. Large sections of the country have remained underdeveloped while many ordinary citizens live below the poverty line. Nigeria since independence has launched many development plans and articulated a number of visions such as Vision 2000, 2010 and now 2020. Unfortunately, it is widely suggested that country hasn’t got much to show in terms of real development. Against this background, NOI Polls, Nigeria’s premier opinion polling organization, conducted a nationwide poll to establish the opinions of Nigerians regarding our 52nd anniversary and the progress we have made so far. Methodology The opinion poll was conducted from October 15th – 18th. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. One Thousand and Nine (1,009) randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3.1% of what they would have been if the entire population had been surveyed. The questionnaire was designed in English and the survey was conducted in English, Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, and Pidgin, to ensure coverage of relevant geographical and demographic groups Demographic The figure below presents the background characteristics of the 1, 009 respondents interviewed. As expected of the age structure, the proportion of respondents in each age group increases with increasing age but declines at 46. This shows that the majority of the citizens are youth between the ages of 22 – 45. Furthermore, the distribution of respondents by geo-political zones shows a generally similar pattern to distribution of respondents by gender. The majority, 25% of respondents is resident in the south-west region while the rest are distributed accordingly: 17% South-East, 16% South-South, 16% North-West, 15% North-Central and 9% North-East. SURVEY FINDINGS Proud to be Nigerian Results from the snap polls reveal that 93% of Nigerians are proud to be Nigerians. The primary reason given was “it is my home, my motherland”, other reasons such as emotional attachments, Nigeria’s strategic position in Africa and her natural resources were also identified as plausible reasons. Find details in the figure below: Performance of the Nigerian economy compared to Ghana and South Africa since 1960 Starting from the period of independence to now, respondents were asked for their opinion on the performance of the Nigerian economy compared to two other African countries: Ghana and South-Africa, majority of the respondents (40%) believed the Nigerian economy had performed averagely since independence. This opinion represents their perception of the growth of our economy as directly impacting their everyday life. The Vision of Nigeria since Independence: One Nation bound in Freedom…Peace and Unity Respondents were also asked if they thought the Vision of Nigeria remains the same as it was in 1960: “Unity and Faith; Peace and Progress”. The vast majority (88%) responded negatively, while only 12% answered positively. The majority that answered in the negative were asked the reasons for their answer, majority of this group cited the mismanagement of resources, closely followed by the continued absence of peace and unity as major reasons for a departure from the Nation’s Vision. Labour of our Heroes Past A follow on question from the vision of Nigeria asked respondents if they could give an opinion on how our founding fathers such as Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, Sir Ahmadu Bello, and Chief Obafemi Awolowo amongst others, who fought for our independence and developed this Nigerian Vision would feel at where we were as a Nation at 52 years. The results revealed that majority (44%) of respondents believe they would all be disappointed at the current state of the Nation. This was followed by 23% who thought they will be very disappointed, and 13% who felt they will be indifferent. On the contrary, only 8% and 3% of the respondents thought the founding fathers would be glad and very glad respectively Most important national issue to focus on Respondents were asked for the single most important issue that Nigeria needs addressed in the next 3 years of President Goodluck Jonathan’s administration. In response, the majority (18%) affirm that the most important issue is to improve electricity. The next majority pointed to eradicate corruption (15%) and create job opportunities (15%). Comparing the current result above with the responses gathered from a similar snap poll conducted in May 2012, there has been a significant shift in a number of issues considered as top priority to be addressed by the current administration. Details are in the figure below. The results show that amongst the respondents, there has been a drastic reduction in the percentage of those that consider insecurity the most important issue to be addressed, dropping from 37% in May to 13% in October. It was the top ranked issue in May and it is only the 4th ranked in October. Possible explanations for this may include: reduction in the frequency of attacks in Northern Nigeria compared to the situation before May 2012; confirmation of the new IG of Police in July 2012 and his modern strategies to reducing insecurity; perceived achievements by intelligence agencies and successful use of military might; perceived commitment by government towards providing security; and the increasing call for dialogue between the government and extremist groups, amongst others. Battling Corruption has risen from 3% in May 2012 to 15% in October 2012. Also, the need to boost agriculture has risen from 3% in May to 10% in October, and this may not be unconnected to concerns regarding the recent flooding in parts of Nigeria, which has triggered concerns about a looming food crisis. Who wants to be President? Respondents were also asked to suggest what their first assignment in office will be if they were to become the President of Nigeria. Interestingly, majority of the respondents (36%) said they would address the country’s security challenge, followed by 26% who said they would address employment, and a further 17% who mentioned that they will work at strengthening the economy. Federalism The poll also sought to understand what the term “True Federalism” means to Nigerians. Hence respondents were asked for their understanding of Federalism. Surprisingly, 1 in 2 respondents (48%) said they do not know what the term means despite its frequent usage. What this signifies is, Nigerians are unaware of the political and constitutional platform that determines the power and sovereignty of the state. Also a similar snap poll done in April, 2012 to test the awareness of a call for a Sovereign National Conference by eminent Nigerian Political leaders in the media showed that 9 in 10 Nigerians were unaware of this call. Conclusion Results from the Independence Day Snap Polls indicate that the majority (93%) of Nigerians are proud to be Nigerians but the overwhelming majority (88%) assert that the Vision of Nigeria has made a departure from its meaning at Independence. This has been linked to the continued threat to the Nation’s peaceful co-existence, mismanagement of the country’s resources and lack of infrastructural development. Also the results revealed that Nigerians over six months (May to Oct) have replaced security with electricity/power as the key national issue to be focused on by the current administration. This has been linked to the success recorded in the fight to keep the Nation safe and the confirmation of the IG of Police. Furthermore, when asked for the meaning of Federalism (decentralization of power across the three tiers of government: Federal, State and Local government), almost 1 in 2 Nigerians say they do not know the meaning of the term, linked to a similar poll done in April 2012 on the awareness of the call for a Sovereign National conference, 9 in 10 Nigerians have never heard about a call for such a conference. This highlights a high level of illiteracy in political matters amongst the majority of the Nigerian adult population. It has become imperative that all socio political groups should endeavor to educate the Nigerian polity on political and civic matters. This should enlighten the majority of the voting public on expectations tied to performance of their various political leaders. Click here to Download full Report

Abuja, Nigeria. August 22nd, 2017 – The recently released National Corruption Survey report by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has revealed that an estimated N400 billion, or equivalent of $4.6 billion, is paid out in bribes to public officials in Nigeria annually. The survey also found that “Police Officers are the type of public officials to whom bribes are most commonly paid in Nigeria”. Interestingly, this finding corroborates with the finding of a 2015 corruption snap poll conducted by NOIPolls, in collaboration with LEAP Africa, which also found the Nigerian Police to be the most corrupt organisation in the country. Responding to this, the CEO NOIPolls, Dr. Bell Ihua, commended NBS for its latest survey report, stating that “…It’s interesting to see that these findings of the latest NBS survey corroborates findings of our past snap poll on corruption. The strength of any piece of research is its methodology. The corruption survey by NBS goes to demonstrate the rigour and robustness of the methodology applied”. Interestingly, when asked to define corruption in their own words, the single highest definition provided by participants of NOI’s poll was the “giving and collecting of bribes”, thereby highlighting the common association of “corruption” with “bribery” in Nigeria. Similarly, the survey by NBS reported 32.3 percent prevalence of bribery, and further buttresses the position of 85 percent of the respondents who decried the high prevalence from the poll. Furthermore, the NBS survey revealed that on average, almost one bribe is paid by every Nigerian adult per year. According to the report, it is estimated that about 82.3 million bribes were paid in the 12 months prior to the survey, and this averages out to show that almost one bribe per adult Nigerian. Again, this is in consonance with the findings by NOIPolls which reported that 32 percent of Nigerians said they would rather pay a bribe than go through the procedure if caught driving without a licence. Reflecting on these findings, Dr. Ihua further noted “the Corruption survey shows that NBS is in tune with happenings in the country. This is a clear case of data speaking”. To throw some more light on the NBS survey, it was reported that only very few bribe-payers get to report their experience of bribery to anyone, just about 3.7 percent; and this was ascribed to the limited trust in a number of state institutions as well as the poor reputation of official authorities when it comes to corruption. These findings further strengthen the results from NOI’s poll, which showed that most Nigerians (87 percent) do not report cases of corruption experienced; and mainly because of the lack of trust for anti-corruption agencies (41 percent). In conclusion, it is worth highlighting an important aspect of the 2015 poll by NOIPolls, which found that the leading factors responsible for the high prevalence of corruption in Nigeria are: ‘Weak public institutions’, ‘Poverty’, ‘Lack of openness & transparency in public service’, ‘Quest for quick money’, and the ‘Cultural acceptance of corruption by the populace’ amongst others. These reasons therefore justify a multidisciplinary approach to tackling the issue of corruption in the country. While it is important to strengthen public institutions and agencies charged with the responsibility of tackling corruption, there are also economic and social dimensions to the issue of corruption. Finally, Dr. Ihua lauded NBS for its latest survey, stating that “NBS has attained new heights and dynamism under the leadership of Dr. Yemi Kale, placing NBS at par with its counterparts in other countries”. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.transparency.org/country/NGA

Abuja August 3rd, 2017: A new survey conducted by Nigerian Polling organization NOIPolls in partnership with Nigeria Health Watch, has revealed about 8 out of every 10 (88 percent) medical doctors in Nigeria are currently seeking work opportunities abroad, and this finding cuts across junior, mid and senior level doctors in both public and private medical institutions such as house officers, corps members, medical and senior medical officer, residents, registrars, consultants and medical directors. Interestingly, the United Kingdom and the United States are the top destinations where Nigerian medical doctors seek work opportunities. Consequently, many Nigerian doctors are currently registered to write foreign medical exams such as PLAB for the UK (30 percent), USMLE for the United States (30 percent), MCCE for Canada (15 percent), AMC for Australia (15 percent) and DHA for Dubai (10 percent) amongst others. Further findings revealed that the reasons for the looming brain drain in the health sector include challenges such as high taxes and deduction from salary (98 percent), low work satisfaction (92 percent), poor salaries and emoluments (91 percent) and the huge knowledge gap that exists in the medical practice abroad (47 percent) amongst others. These were some of the key findings from the survey and we hope these findings would help stimulate conversations amongst stakeholders in the country’s health sector and trigger much needed reforms to redesign of a health system that is responsive to the healthcare needs of the nation. This survey also seeks to sound an alarm of a looming brain drain in the country’s health sector if nothing is done urgently to curb this rising trend of emigration of healthcare practitioners – physicians, nurses, pharmacist, and laboratory scientists amongst others. To download the full report, kindly visit our website: www.noi-polls.com Brief Background Nigeria has about 72,000 medical doctors registered with the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, with only approximately 35,000 practicing in Nigeria. The emigration of the Nigerian healthcare workforce, particularly medical doctors has been a lingering problem in the country. In a bid to measure the scope of this trend, NOIPolls in partnership with Nigeria Health Watch conducted a survey on medical doctors to assess the prevalence with which medical doctors pursue work opportunities abroad and probable reasons why. The findings are critical to the ability of the health system to retain adequate skilled personnel to cope with Nigeria’s growing population. The survey was targeted at Nigerian medical doctors, and it involved a mixed methodology approach employing quantitative and qualitative methods. For the quantitative method, an online survey using a standardized, well-structured questionnaire was employed; and a semi-structured interview guide was utilized for the qualitative approach. The various cadres of doctors were captured in both the quantitative and qualitative methods. Respondents to the online survey were not limited by geographical location, although the in-depth interviews were conducted with medical doctors in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Nigeria’s National Population Commission (NPC) has projected current population to be about 182 million at a 3.5% growth rate from the 2006 census. This means we need about 303,333 medical doctors now, and at least 10,605 new doctors annually to join the workforce. Only at this level can we expect good quality patient care that is not compromised by errors occasioned by fatigued and overworked medical doctors. The Survey found that 88 percent of medical doctors interviewed said they were currently considering work opportunities abroad; and this particular finding cuts across the junior, mid-level and senior level doctors in both public and private medical institutions. Interestingly, the United Kingdom and the United States are the top destinations where Nigerian medical doctors seek work opportunities. Prevalent reasons for emigrating include better facilities and work environment, higher remuneration, career progression & professional advancement, and better quality of life. Majority of survey respondents (87%) believe government is unconcerned with mitigating the challenges facing medical doctors in Nigeria. In addition, 26 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted as part of the qualitative approach to gather insightful information on the challenges and underlying factors causing doctors to seek work opportunities abroad. Respondents to the in-depth interviews were medical doctors. At least 10 out of the 26 doctors interviewed mentioned Low work satisfaction as the foremost reason making doctors pursue work opportunities abroad. Many even placed low work satisfaction above poor remuneration, which was the second most prevalent reason cited for making doctors seek work opportunities abroad in the in-depth interviews conducted. Work opportunities came in third with at least 4 in 26 respondents citing work opportunity as the most prevalent reason, because doctors who are unable to secure a good job to cater for themselves and the family will be forced to source for better opportunities. Many recalled the harsh working conditions they experienced during their internship. One doctor told how he worked day after day, without relief, for two months straight as a House Officer. He disclosed that it was during this period that he lost all interest in Paediatric medicine. Another spoke about the level of responsibility that hangs on house officers’ shoulders. Some doctors complained about how house officers and junior doctors are maltreated and verbally abused in the presence of patients, making the patients lose confidence in the house officer’s abilities as a physician. House officers and junior doctors were said to supervise the most number of beds on the floor, yet instead of being encouraged they get bullied and openly chided for every wrong decision made when their attending resident was not available. The problem of migrating doctors is even more bothersome because government makes medical education in Nigeria inexpensive, by funding Teaching Hospitals, and unfortunately upon completing their basic medical education these trained physicians, at the nation’s expense, then look for better opportunities outside the country, which is a gain to those countries as they didn’t invest in the doctors education, and a loss to Nigeria. A Medical Officer from a Public Secondary Hospital said, “Patriotism is in the heart, but no man will die or will be shouting patriotism with an empty stomach, it can never be done. If you want me to be patriotic you must take care of me and employ me. I told you it’s not the salary I’m looking for it’s the employment. Salary will come later. Patriotism with a hungry stomach is equal to zero, but patriotism with a full stomach moves mountains.” In a bid to understand the scope of emigrating doctors, the frequency, and the underlying factors, NOIPolls in partnership with Nigeria Health Watch conducted this survey on medical doctors to feel the pulse of these professionals. The findings are revealing and we hope with this report to catalyze the dialogue and an action plan that would design a health system that is responsive and meets the needs of both the Nigerian physicians and patients. The survey was conducted between the 1st and the 15th of May, 2017 to provide a snapshot of the prevalence of Nigerian medical doctors who are seeking work opportunities abroad. In total, 705 doctors completed the online survey the majority of whom were in Nigeria, but some of them reside outside Nigeria. Respondents to the survey cut across house officers, National Youth Service Corps members, medical officers, senior registrars, consultants, medical directors, etc. To download the full report of this survey, kindly click this link. METHODOLOGY The survey was targeted at Nigerian medical doctors, and it involved a mixed methodology approach employing quantitative and qualitative methods. For the quantitative method, an online survey using a standardized, well-structured questionnaire was employed; and a semi-structured interview guide was utilized for the qualitative approach. The various cadres of doctors were captured in both the quantitative and qualitative methods. Respondents to the online survey were not limited by geographical location, although the in-depth interviews were conducted with medical doctors in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

Abuja, Nigeria. March 7th, 2016 –Latest public opinion poll released by NOIPolls has revealed that 97 percent of Nigerians have expressed their willingness to buy locally made products in order to strengthen the country’s economy. Similarly, the poll indicated that about 98 percent of Nigerians are willing to support a “BuyNaija” campaign to encourage patronage of locally made products. The poll which sought the opinion of Nigerians regarding their aptitude and preference for locally made products also showed that almost 6 in 10 Nigerians (59 percent) say they buy locally made products very often; followed by 37 percent who stated that they buy locally made products somewhat often. The list of products that they buy include food items (58 percent), clothing (50 percent), footwear (34 percent), and soap & detergent (12 percent) to mention a few. On the contrary, 4 percent of those interviewed stated that they do not buy locally made products because they are mostly of sub-standard quality (49 percent). On the issue of comparing the quality of locally made versus foreign products, more than half of the respondents (54 percent) were of the opinion that locally made products are of good quality, while 21 percent ranked the products poorly, and 25 percent were indifferent. These are the key findings from the recently conducted BuyNaija Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week of February 22nd 2016. In conclusion, while it is cheering news that Nigerians express willingness to patronize locally made products and support a campaign to “Buy Naija”, a lot needs to be done to improve the economic climate for local manufacturers. Power remains a major issue crippling activities within the country’s manufacturing sector, and limited access to credit or high cost of funds remain a daunting challenge faced by manufacturers. However, with concerted efforts on policies targeted towards the power sector, access to finance and currency stability, the manufacturing sector may be able to bounce back from the woods. Brief Background One of the important economic goals of any country is to ensure that its export margin is higher than its import as this not only boosts foreign reserves; it also solidifies the strength of the nation’s currency as it will not be overly influenced by market determinants such as prices and exchange rates. However, in 2013, Nigeria’s international trade was 92 percent import and 8 percent export[1]. The Nigerian economy is currently under-utilized and undiversified with several business prospects for investors due to the availability of a ready market and labor (due to population size) as well as good investment policies but investors are nonetheless hesitant to invest in the country due to the host of problems plaguing the manufacturing sector with the continuous lack of electricity at the top of the list. Although some goods are manufactured locally, most Nigerians are not aware of this fact because of the high dependency on imported or foreign products. What influences an average Nigerian consumer’s perception of product quality is the product’s country of origin. Most Nigerians prefer foreign products to their indigenous counterparts due to the perceived quality and this is in line with international marketing strategies[2]. Some manufacturers often produce locally made goods and package them along with foreign prototypes in same containers with same label of country of origin and sell these at even higher prices. The demand for indigenous products will increase when market mechanics such as quality assurance, product awareness, and price regulation and consumer protection are ensured[3]. Most locally made product categories include: food items, kitchen utensils, plastic, detergent, furniture, pharmaceutical products, clothing and textile, building materials, electronics, automobiles, books and stationeries, etc. However, there is a need to produce them in exporting quantities to accommodate both local and international demand. The recent World Bank report on global consumption of goods and services revealed some of the items Nigerian households spend most of their incomes on with food and beverages (56.81 percent), clothing and foot wear (3.78 percent) topping the list. Locally made products accounted for 89.2 percent contribution toward Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product in 2014, as against 68.9 percent contribution recorded in 2011. Amongst the challenges faced by consumers in Nigeria is the conflicting choice of choosing between imported products and local products. The consumption of foreign products in the Nigerian market is still prevalent, despite government policies over the years to encourage consumption of locally manufactured products. In recent times, a new campaign to #BuyNaijaGrowNaira by a serving parliamentarian has gained significant media traction as part of his common sense ideology. To this end, ongoing discussion in the media and social space have attributed the recent slide of the Naira against other major currencies like the dollar, as being partly due to the Nigeria’s appetite for foreign made products and poor demand of locally made products. It has been argued that economic diversification and industrialization cannot be achieved without indigenous demand[4]. In view of this background, NOIPolls conducted a poll to seek the perceptions of Nigerians regarding their aptitude and preference for locally made products. Findings A major challenge in emergent economies is the development of successful domestic enterprises that provides its people with needed products and thus contributes significantly in the economic development of the country and the current trend of persuading Nigerians to purchase locally made goods prompted this poll.To this end, respondents to this poll were asked 6 specific questions and this section presents the findings.[5] The poll sought to measure the degree to which Nigerians patronise locally made products and the result revealed that about 96 percent of respondents said that they buy the products ‘often’, with 59 percent and 37 percent stating that they patronise made in Nigeria products ‘very often’ and ‘somewhat often’. On the other hand, 4 percentstated that they simply ‘do not buy made in Nigeria products at all’. Following further probing, the 4 percent of respondents who said they do not buy locally made products ascribed this to the alleged sub-standard quality of Nigeria made products, amongst others. The findings also showed that respondents who buy made in nigeria products listed the following items: food items (58 percent), clothing (50 percent) and footwear (34 percent) as the top locally made products which they buy. This finding corroborates the global consumption of goods & services report of the World Bank, which revealed that most household income in Nigeria is spent on food and beverages. Similarly, in comparing the quality of locally made products with foreign products, more than half of the respondents (54 percent) were of the opinion that locally made products are of good quality, while 21 percent ranked the products poorly, and 25 percent remained indifferent. Interestingly, more male (60 percent) than female (48 percent) respondents believe Nigeria made products are of good quality; while the South-West region accounted for the highest proportion of respondents (61 percent) who believe that locally made products are of good quality. In addition, 97 percent of respondents were of the opinion that buying made in Nigeria products would help improve the economy of the country, and this finding cuts across gender, geo-political zone and age. The poll also sought to measure the perception of Nigerians towards supporting a campaign to patronize made in Nigeria products. Interesting, over 9 in 10 respondents, a whopping 98 percent firmly affirmed that they would be willing to support such a campaign while a meagre 2 percent indicated otherwise. In conclusion, this poll has clearly revealed some cheering findings indicating the willingness of Nigerians to buy made in Nigeria products and support a campaign to BuyNaija; particularly in the light of recent economic headwinds. In spite of this cheering finding, a lot needs to be done to improve the economic climate for local manufacturers. Power remains a major issue crippling activities within the country’s manufacturing sector, and limited access to credit or high cost of funds remain a daunting challenge faced by manufacturers. However, with concerted efforts on policies targeted towards the power sector, access to finance and currency stability, the manufacturing sector may be able to bounce back from the woods. Polling Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of February 22nd 2016. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://businessdayonline.com/2013/09/nigerias-international-trade-remains-at-92-import-8-export-in-six-months/ [2] http://www.upg-bulletin-se.ro/archive/2009-3/3.%20Oyeniyi.pdf/analysis-of-Nigerian-consumer’s-perceiption-on-foriegn-products. [3] https://www.easyprojectmaterial.com/the-role-of-consumer-protection-council-in-the-protection-of-consumers-rights-in-nigeria/ [4] http://encomium.ng/why-we-shun-made-in-nigeria-goods-nigerians-3/ [5] http://venturesafrica.com/patronage-of-made-in-nigeria-goods-set-to-gain-legal-backing/

Abuja, Nigeria. February 28th, 2017 – Latest public opinion poll results released by NOIPolls have revealed that majority of Nigerians will support legislation to end Female Genital Mutilation popularly known as Female Circumcision as shown by the 90 percent of Nigerians who attested to this in the course of this survey. This is in line with the aim of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to eradicate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation. In 2016, United Nations General Assembly accepted ‘The Girl Child Resolution’ which recognizes FGM as a form of discrimination and a violation of the rights of the girlchild. According to the United Nation Population Fund, an estimated 200 million girls and women alive today are believed to have been subjected to FGM and those who have experienced FGM live predominately in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab States. In Africa, FGM is practiced among certain communities in 29 countries namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia.[1] More findings revealed that although 87 percent expressed knowledge of FGM, 64 percent of this proportion confirmed that FGM is not prevalent in their locality while 36 percent disclosed that there are various degrees of prevalence within their communities; with high level of prevalence across Ondo, Kwara, Enugu, Delta, Adamawa, Ebonyi, Ondo, Cross-River, Anambra and Niger states. While this may be deemed as a low number (36 percent) in comparison with results from other countries such as; Somalia (98 percent), Guinea (96 percent), Djibouti (93 percent), Egypt (91 percent), Eritrea and Mali (88 percent each) and Sierra Leone and Sudan (88 percent each) which reported a high prevalence of FGM[2], as revealed by a study undertaken by UNICEF, it still highlights the need for a call to action to completely eradicate this practice in Nigeria. Assessing support for the practice, 88 percent stated that they do not support it while 12 percent supported the practice with residents from the South-West zone accounting for the larger proportion of Nigerians in this category. Nigerians (48 percent) who showed support for FGM cited prevention of women promiscuity, and another 33 percent because it is traditional and protects their tradition from becoming obsolete as their reasons. On the contrary, 22 percent who did not support FGM mentioned health complications, while 18 percent also regarded it as been unethical. Finally, education of the general public at all levels with emphasis on the dangers and undesirability of FGM is paramount as 10 percent clearly disclose that they will not support any legislation to put an end to FGM in Nigeria. These were some of the key findings from the Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) poll conducted in the week commencing February 13th, 2017. Brief Background Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) otherwise known as female circumcision is a tradition whose origins could be difficult to trace as it is practiced all over the African continent. FGM is the partial or complete removal of the external part of the female genitalia for non-medical reasons. There have been widespread interventions aimed at reducing and changing the perception of the world about FGM, yet, the practice still lingers. According to a United Nations International Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report, in the sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria, Sudan, Mali and Ghana have been labelled as practicing the worst type of FGM. Various reasons were given by those who practice it ranging from culture, religion to superstition.[3] According to the United Nation Population Fund, an estimated 200 million girls and women alive today are believed to have been subjected to FGM and those who have experienced FGM live predominately in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab States. In Africa, FGM is practiced among certain communities in 29 countries namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. A few years ago, there were public sensitization campaigns against the practice of FGM which gained momentum and attracted global interest after the World Health Organization (WHO) study which associated the practice of FGM with increased risk of adverse obstetrics outcome.[4] Despite the various campaigns to discourage the act, it continues to be widespread in many parts of the world. According to health experts, the instant health consequences of FGM are infection and excessive bleeding also known as haemorrhage which can have a drastic effect enough to threaten life. Long term effects such as sexual dysfunction, menstrual and fertility problems, difficulties with childbirth and psychological damage are also reported.[5] In many countries, there are laws that forbid the practice of FGM, yet studies have shown that the practice is still persist despite an increased awareness and increased general negative attitude towards it. Against this background, NOIPolls conducted its latest poll to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of Nigerians towards the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Survey Findings In gauging the level of awareness on the issue of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Nigeria, the poll results revealed that most Nigerians (87 percent) are aware of the practice of female circumscision / FGM and this finding cuts across gender, age, geographical location, cultural settings or religious belief. On the other hand, 13 percent of the respondents showed total ignorance, claiming not to be aware of Female Circumcision and respondents in this category had their interviews terminated at this point. The poll sought the prevalence of the practice of FGM amongst immediate communities in Nigeria and findings revealed that the majority of the respondents (64 percent) affirmed that the practice of FGM is not at all prevalent within their communities and localities. Residents from the North-West (79 percent) and the North-Central (78 percent) zones had the highest percentage in this category while the South-South zone with 39 percent had the least. In addition, 65 percent of those aged between 18 – 35 years formed the largest proportion of those who confirmed that the practice of FGM is not at all prevalent in their vicinity and this could be an indication of a gradual abolishment of the practice. Furthermore, 29 percent stated that the practice is somewhat prevalent while 5 percent and 2 percent of the respondents stated that the practice of FGM is very prevalent and extremely prevalent in their locality respectively. The South-South (54 percent), North-East (32 percent), South-East and South-West zones (30 percent each) had the largest proportion of Nigerians who reported that the act is somewhat prevalent and some of the specific states in these zones includes Cross-River, Delta, Adamawa, Borno, Ebonyi, Anambra, Ondo and Ogun states respectively. Some of the L.G.As where this practice is particularly prevalent are; Moro, Ilorin-south, Ilorin-north in Kwara state and Akure-north and Akure-south in Ondo state. Other are Ika-south, Ughelli, Warri-south, Sapele and Aniocha-south all in Delta state. The poll also evaluated the support of Nigerians for Female Circumcision and the results show that most of the respondents surveyed (88 percent) say they are not in support of the practice in the country; and this also cuts across gender, geo-political zones and age-group. However, 12 percent expressed their firm support for the practice of FGM, particularly amongst respondents in some South-West (19 percent) and South-East (15 percent) states; as well as senior citizens aged 60 and above (19 percent). Respondents who disclosed their support for female circumcision were further probed to state their reasons and 48 percent stated that ‘it prevents women from being promiscuous’ and respondents from the North-west zone accounted for the largest proportion of Nigerians in this section with emphasis on Kano state. This was followed by 33 percent who mentioned that ‘it is our tradition’ and respondents in this category would rather not abolish their tradition and Adamawa state had the highest percentage in the North-East. Additionally, 8 percent mentioned that ‘it has no health complications’ and the 7 percent ‘it aids easy child delivery’. However, on the flipside, the United Nation Population Fund believes that practice of FGM have been medically proven to have serious implications for the sexual and reproductive health of girls and women, with attendant issues such as infibulation, severe pain, shock, haemorrhage, tetanus or other infections, urine retention, ulceration of the genital region and injury to adjacent tissue, wound infection, urinary infection, fever, anaemia and septicaemia among other complications during childbirth. Similarly, respondents who do not support the practice justified their position with the following reasons: ‘It creates health complications’ (26 percent), ‘it is unethical and unnecessary’ (23 percent), ‘it is against our religious beliefs’ (14 percent) and ‘it is a harmful practice’ (13 percent) amongst other mentions. Lastly, the views of Nigerians regarding legislation against the practice of FGM were assessed; and an overwhelming majority (90 percent) indicated their absolute support for legislation to abolish the practice in the country. On the contrary, 10 percent of the respondents declared firmly that they would not support any legislation to end the practice of female circumscision, saying that they identify with the practice from a socio-cultural perspective and it would amount to them going against their ancestral beliefs if the practice was to be abolished. In conclusion, the poll has shown that majority of Nigerians (87 percent) are aware of the practice of female circumscision otherwise known as Female Genital Mutilation; with 36 percent acknowledging its prevalence in various parts of the country. Incidentally, while a significant proportion of the population (88 percent) do not support the practice, 12 percent of those polled remained absolutely in support of it, with reasons to justify their positions on both sides of the divide. The poll clearly established that the practice of FGM still persists in states such as Ondo, Kwara, Enugu, Delta, Adamawa, Ebonyi, Cross-River, Anambra and Niger. Also, the poll has revealed that at least 9 in 10 Nigerians would support any legislation that would seek to abolish the practice of FGM. Finally, with the findings from this poll, we can conclude that more work needs to be done in the area of sensitization and enlightenment on the dangers and negative side-effects of this practice. Moreover, we highlight from the poll that there are deep-seated socio-cultural beliefs and innuendos that form the bedrock for the continued support of the practice in several communities, particularly in the rural and semi-urban areas. It is therefore recommended that a multi-stakeholder approach, involving medical practitioners, state & local government officials, federal & state ministries of health, traditional rulers, indigenous healthcare attendants, NGOs, CBOs, FBOs and the general public; be adopted to address the issue in a cross-cutting manner. The media, development partners and the third sector all have a huge role to play in designing, funding and implementating sensitization campaigns to get the message, especially to the grassroots, where the practice is mostly prevalent. Survey Methods This opinion poll was conducted in the week of February 13th 2017. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://www.unfpa.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-frequently-asked-questions [1] https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/feb/06/what-is-female-genital-mutilation-where-happen [1] https://www.unicef.org/media/files/UNICEF_FGM_report_July_2013_Hi_res.pdf [1] http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/fgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf [1] http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/health_consequences_fgm/en

June 4, 2012. A recent snap poll conducted by NOI Polls Limited has revealed that most Nigerians are not aware of the call for the convocation of a Sovereign National Conference (SNC). Given the attention gathered by the issue in the media, and particularly in recent times, the poll sought the views of over 1000 Nigerians regarding the level of awareness and support for the issue of SNC. Surprising, it was found that nearly 9 in 10 (88%) respondents were not aware of the call to constitute a sovereign national conference. As background to the study, it would be recalled that there have been several calls by some eminent Nigerians for the convocation of a sovereign national conference (SNC) or a Confab of all ethnic nationalities in the country, with a view to addressing the developmental challenges facing the nation and curbing the increasing incidents of civil unrest and violence. Notable amongst the statesmen are the likes of Chief Anthony Enahoro, Professor Ben Nwabueze, Alhaji Balarabe Musa, Chief Emeka Anyaoku, Professor Wole Soyinka, Chief Olu Falae, Chief Audu Ogbe, Professor Pat Utomi, and Dr. Kalu Idika Kalu amongst others. Consequently, these calls have been trailed with mixed reactions. On one hand, proponents of SNC have argued for the crucial need for Nigerians to come together, sit down, and agree on the way they should be governed and how they want to live as a united nation. In their opinion, running away from a national conference amounts to postponing the evil day. They believe that instead of allowing Nigeria to break up, a national conference would help foster the unity, peace and progress of the nation, strengthen our practice of true federalism, and address the current security challenges. On the other hand, there are opposing voices, who have described the calls for SNC as unnecessary distractions. In a recent newspaper article, a member of the House of Representatives was reported to have faulted the call for a sovereign national conference, describing it as “unfair, diversionary and unnecessary”. He argued that there was no need for a conference because constituting a national conference amounted to bringing together representatives of the people, which is what the National Assembly is already about. Another dissenting voice to the call argued that a Sovereign National Conference can only be held if Nigerians decided that they can no longer stay together as a united nation. Further stressing that there may be opportunities for strategic summits and technical committees to review the challenges facing the nation in several areas. It was against this background that NOI Polls sought the opinions of Nigerians regarding the call for a Sovereign National Conference. From a total of 1,296 respondents sampled nationwide for this poll, only 38% of female respondents completed the survey, compared with 62% of male respondents. In addition, majority of the respondents (48%) were aged between 25 – 34 years; while 33% were aged between 35 – 44 years, and 13% between 18 – 24 years. Although thirteen questions were asked to the respondents, the following summarises some of the key findings revealed from the poll. Firstly, respondents were asked if they were aware of the call for the constitution of a Sovereign National Conference by some eminent Nigerian elders. The results revealed that almost 9 in 10 respondents (88%) were not aware of the call for SNC; and only 12% said they were aware of the call. In addition, of the 12% respondents that were aware of the call, the majority (82%) were in support of the constitution of SNC, while 15% were not in support and 3% were not sure. In furtherance, for those who said they supported the call, the poll sought to understand the reason for their support. The reason most of the respondents (48%) gave for supporting the call for a Sovereign National conference is that it would help foster unity, peace and progress in Nigeria. 20% of the respondents also said it would help address the security challenges in the country while another 19% said they supported it because of the integrity of the elders making the call. A further 13% said it would help to strengthen true federalism while 1% said they were in support because the national assembly is not doing its job. On the other hand, the majority of respondents (33%) who said they were not in support of the call for a Sovereign National Conference said their reason for not supporting it is because it’s the duty of the national assembly. An equal proportion of 30% each said that it was diversionary and unnecessary, and also simply time wasting. Also, 4% said that it would not make a difference and has no legal backing respectively. Also, respondents were asked if it was still necessary to call for a Sovereign National Conference since we already have the National Assembly. Approximately 8 in 10 (84%) answered affirmatively while only 16% answered negatively. Similarly, when asked how important it is for Nigeria to constitute the Sovereign National Conference, majority (76%) of the respondents said it is very important while 12% said it is moderately important. Only 12% said it is not important at all to have the Sovereign National Conference while 1% said they don’t know. The poll also sought the opinion of respondents regarding the intentions of those making the call for the SNC. Interestingly, majority of the respondents (78%) were of the opinion that those making the call had good intentions. While 14% said they do not have good intentions, and 8% were unsure. In addition, the opinions of respondents were sought as to their agreement or disagreement on the propositions that the constitution of a Sovereign National Conference would help in: (1) fostering unity, peace and progress; (2) strengthening democracy; and (3) addressing the country’s security challenges. The results revealed that on the issue of helping to foster unity, peace and progress in Nigeria, 50% of the respondents strongly agreed, while 37% agreed; making a total of 87% in agreement. Similarly, on the issue of helping to strengthen democracy, 47% agreed strongly, while 39% agreed; making a total of 86% in agreement. In the same vein, on the issue of helping to address the security challenges facing the nation, 48% agreed strongly, while 40% agreed; making a total of 88% in agreement. Across the three questions 8% each disagreed, while 1% strongly disagreed, and 4% were undecided. To what extent do you agree that a Sovereign National Conference cab help in the following ways? Potential Benefits of the Sovereign National Conference Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree To Foster Unity, Peace and Progress 50% 37% 4% 8% 1% To Strengthen Democracy 47% 39% 5% 8% 1% To help Address the Security Challenges 48% 40% 4% 8% 1% Moving forward, respondents were asked whether in their opinion the word “Sovereign” brings controversy in the call for a National Conference. To this question, 51% of the respondents answered positively while, 45% answered negatively. 4% were unsure or refused. Consequently, they were asked whether the word “Sovereign” should be removed. The majority of respondents (55%) said it should not be removed, while 34% said it should be removed. 10% were unsure as to whether or not it should be removed. Finally, respondents were asked if President Jonathan should support the call for a Sovereign National Conference. It is worth stating clearly that, out of the 12% of respondents that are aware of the call for SNC, 8 in 10 respondents (80%) answered were of the opinion that the president should support the call, while 12% answered negative. In summary, this recent poll has shown that while there appears to have been calls from several eminent Nigerians on the need to constitute a Sovereign National Conference, there hasn’t been much mobilisation of the grassroots towards the call. It is therefore imperative that proponents of the call for a national conference have to adopt more effective strategies disseminating information and creating awareness on the need for such a conference in order to be able to mobilise support from the grassroots. It is worth noting that those respondents who were aware of the call for a Sovereign National Conference were overwhelmingly in favour of its constitution. The respondents were quite optimistic that the constitution of such a conference would help to foster peace, unity and progress; strengthen the country’s democratic experience, and address the increasing security challenges facing the nation. They were also of the opinion that President Jonathan should lend his support to the call. It can therefore be inferred from the poll that if the proponents of SNC adopt more effective strategies to create awareness on the issue and its potential benefits to the nation, it could generate support from more Nigerians, particularly the grassroots. Results are based on a nationwide poll conducted in April 2012. It involved telephone interviews with 1,296 randomly selected, phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a plus or minus 5% margin of error of what they would have been if the entire population had been surveyed.

Abuja, Nigeria. September 13th, 2016 –Latest public opinion poll results released by NOIPolls Limited has revealed that the Red Devils (Manchester United) were picked as the favourite to win the 2016/2017 EPL trophy; although, the Blues (Chelsea FC) recorded the highest fan base in Nigeria (35 percent). This choice by fans could have been influenced by the new signing of popular players like Zlatan Ibrahimović, Paul Pogba, Eric Bailly and most especially Jose Mourinho as their head coach. Most notably, Leicester City FC found its way onto the Nigerian EPL fan base prediction chart as one of the least favorite to win the 2016/2017 EPL season after having a tremendous outing last season winning the EPL title in the process. More findings revealed that almost half (49 percent) of Nigerians watch or follow football out of which the larger share (72 percent) admitted following the English Premier League because they believe mostly that the EPL clubs play good football amongst other reasons. Residents from the South-South zone represent the largest proportion of Nigerians in this category. It is not surprising as the English premier league brings along high hopes, expectations and admirations from various ages and races across the world.[1] Poll results also revealed that a larger proportion of Nigerian football fans (59 percent) consider ‘John Obi Mikel’, who has been with the Blues since June 2006 and survived 22 transfer windows to be the most valuable Nigerian player in the EPL. Other Nigerian players that topped the chart are ‘Ahmed Musa’ (17 percent), ‘Kelechi Iheanacho’ (8 percent), ‘Odion Ighalo’ (5 percent) and ‘Alex Iwobi’ (5 percent) among others. Also, the poll revealed that 33 percent of Nigerian football fans follow the Nigerian Premier League mainly because of patriotism and allegiance; evidently, polling experiences revealed that most respondents are fans of a football club from their states of origin. While those who do not follow the league primarily reported that it is not entertaining enough for them, a reflection that it does not have the ambience or hype of other contemporary league across the globe in terms of officiating, broadcasting, quality stadia e.t.c. Enyimba FC has the largest fan base in Nigerian and the club was also picked to win the 2016 Nigerian Premier League title. Finally, in other to improve on the current standards of the Nigerian domestic league, most Nigerians suggested that the league managers should seek for better private partnership and sponsorship deals, create better publicity and branding, improve the officiating and most of all ensure that the NPL matches are televised on local TV stations in Nigeria to attract more followership for the League. These are the key findings from the Football Pollconducted by NOIPolls in partnership in the week of August 22nd 2016. Brief Background The 25th Season (2016/2017) of the English Premier League began on the 13th of August 2016 and ends on the 21ST of May 2017. With this new season, once again hopes, fears and expectations are widespread in the hearts and conversations of football fans far and wide. Leicester City is the defending champion. Burnley, Middleborough and Hull City have entered as the three promoted teams from the (2015/2016) Football League Championship. While, Newcastle United, Norwich City and Aston Villa were relegated to the Championship League. As the 2016/2017 English Premier League season progresses, the table will definitely reflect which club has brought the best standards to the competition. While the 2016/2017 EPL season is still young with 35 matches to play out, it is note-worthy to state that the set of matches already played, have proven to be unpredictable especially for the likes of Manchester United, Manchester City and Chelsea football clubs.Manchester City rode their luck against Sunderland and had to fend off comebacks from Stoke and West Ham; Chelsea relied on late goals to beat West Ham and Watford; and United were a tad fortunate to overcome Hull last time out.[2] The fact that they have each won their first three matches have set the tone of what promises to be an exciting season. Given that the trio of clubs haven’t yet reached their peak level of performance yet still winning their matches is exactly why they should be feared and this summer some of the best football managers in the world such as, José Mourinho, Pep Guardiola and Antonio Conte are joining the Barclays Premier League. Likewise, many Premier League signings and transfers such as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Sadio Mané, among others will contribute to turning this once again into one of the best and most followed sporting competitions in the world.[3] it will be interesting however to see what ensues at the end of season, if it would be a total dominance by the trio or surprises springing up as was experienced last season. On the other hand, the 45th season of the Nigerian Professional Football League which began in February 2016 and is scheduled to end sometime in November 2016, welcomed the Kano Pillars as the defending champions of the 2014 season.The newly promoted teams are Ikorodu United FC, Mountain of Fire and Miracles Football Club (MFM FC), Niger Tornadoes and Plateau United FC. While Taraba United, Kwara United and Bayelsa United and Sharks of Port Harcourt FC, were all relegated to the lower division league.[4] Rangers FC are currently topping the table with 54 points after playing 32 matches. The league table is likely to witness changes as the competition reaches its conclusion in a few months’ time, given that Rangers FC is closely trailed by Rivers United FC, Wikki Tourists FC and others Clubs in NPL.[5] Against this background, NOIPolls conducted its fifth yearly Football Special Edition Poll to gauge the perceptions of Nigerians regarding the English Premier League (EPL) and the Nigerian Premier League (NPL). The first annual Football Special Edition Poll was conducted in August 2012. Please click here for full report Survey Findings The first question served as a screener as respondents who do not watch or follow football were terminated at this point. Out of the 49 percent who showed interest in football, 72 percent acknowledged following the English Premier League. More analysis across geo-political zones revealed that the South-South zone had the largest proportion (89 percent) of respondents in this category, while the North-East zone had the lowest portion (65 percent) of respondents in this category. In determining the EPL Fan base in Nigeria, survey results revealed that Chelsea Football Club has the highest (35 percent) fan base in Nigeria, this is closely followed by Manchester United Football Club (31 percent) while 19 percent of Nigerian EPL fans revealed their support for Arsenal Football Club. Yearly trend analysis from 2012 to 2016 revealed that the highest support (33 percent) for Manchester United FC by the Nigerian football fan base was obtained in 2013 when they won the EPL trophy. However, the club currently has about 31 percent of Nigerian EPL fan base, representing a significant 8-points increase when compared to 2015 and this likely connected to the appointment of Jose Mourinho as the head Coach of the club in May 2016. This increase in the club’s fan base shows that there is a renewed optimism among fans of the club. Similarly, Chelsea FC experienced its highest support (42 percent) by the Nigerian fans in 2014 when Jose Mourinho returned to Stamford Bridge as the head coach. Though the club hired a new coach in July 2016, it has had no effect on the proportion of its fan base in Nigeria as it remained the same as 2016. Also, Arsenal FC recorded its maximum support in 2015 when Pete Cech was hired as the new goal keeper and also possibly due to its winning of the 2015 Community Shield Cup on the 1st August 2015. Furthermore, in ascertaining the opinion of Nigerians on the most valuable Nigerian player in the EPL, the poll results revealed that majority of Nigerian EPL fans surveyed (59 percent) considered ‘John Obi Mikel’ as the most valuable Nigerian player in the EPL. Mikel has been with Chelsea FC since June 2006 till date as a midfielder and has survived 22 transfer window. This was closely followed by ‘Ahmed Musa’ (17 percent) and ‘Kelechi Iheanacho’ (8 percent) among others. Season, results showed that most Nigerians (45 percent) chose Manchester United Football Club as the favorite to win the EPL title for the 2016/2017 season. This could be attributed to their new manager, Jose Mourinho popularly known as ‘the special one’. This is also followed by Chelsea FC (28 percent), Arsenal FC (14 percent) and Manchester City FC (10 percent) amongst others. Most notably, Leicester City FC found its way on the Nigerian EPL fan base prediction chart as one of the least favorite to win the 2016/2017 EPL season after having a tremendous outing last season winning the EPL title in the process. Yearly trend analysis revealed that Chelsea has consistently been the top choice for Nigerian EPL fans selected over other EPL clubs to win the EPL title for three years (2013 to 2015) despite a 15 point decline from 54 percent in 2014. However, there is a retreat from this trend as 45 percent of EPL fan base in Nigeria currently think that Manchester United FC will lift the EPL trophy for the 2016/2017 Season. This standing represents 21-points increase when compared to 2015. Chelsea FC, notwithstanding, is currently second in line to win the 2016/2017 EPL season, relinquishing their position as favorites after having maintained it for the last three years. Chelsea FC fell short of the 2016/2017 season prediction ratings by 11-points. Arsenal FC has always been third on the prediction chart and has maintained the position from (2013 to 2016), the club however suffered its first downward slip on the prediction chart in 2016 as it represents a 14-points decline from 2015. The poll also sought to gauge the percentage of Nigerian football fans that follow the Nigerian Premier League (NPL), findings revealed that only 33 percent of Nigerian fans admitted that they follow the NPL and residents from the South-West zone (39 percent) had the highest percentage in this category. The yearly trend analysis from 2012 to 2016 show that the NPL enjoyed its highest (51 percent) followership in 2013, while its lowest (24 percent) followership was recorded in 2014. Currently, the followership of the NPL stands at 33 percent representing a 3-point increase from the previous year. Subsequently, most NPL fans (34 percent) picked Enyimba FC to win the 2016 and residents from the South-West had the largest proportion of Nigerians with this view. This is followed by 27 percent who chose Kano Pillars, whereas another 18 percent think Enugu Rangers who are currently topping the NPL table would win the 2016 title. Yearly trend analysis shows that Enyimba FC remained the people’s choice to win the NPL trophy for the second consecutive year, though a significant 6-points decline was observed. It is also worthy to note that Enyimba FC was crowned as the 2015 NPL winners. While Kano Pillars also suffered a 3-points decline, Enugu Rangers increased by a huge 12-points in 2016. In conclusion, this poll has revealed that almost half (49 percent) of Nigerians either watch or follow football out of which the majority (72 percent) follow the EPL, mainly because they believe the EPL clubs play good football and the clubs have good football players. Though Chelsea FC has the largest fan base in Nigeria, Manchester United was picked as the favorite club to win this season’s title. Also, John Obi Mikel, was considered to be the most valuable Nigerian player in the English Premier League. Furthermore, only 33 percent of Nigerian football fans follow the NPL because of patriotism and those who do not follow the league mainly reported that it is not entertaining enough for them. Enyimba FC has the largest fan base in Nigeria and the club was also picked to win the 2016 Nigerian Premier League title. Finally, most NPL followers are advocating for the NPL to engage private sponsors, create better publicity and branding, improve the officiating and most of all ensure that the NPL games are televised on local TV stations in Nigeria so as to attract more followership for the League. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of June 22nd 2016. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10291127/when-does-the-201617-season-start- [2] http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/7-things-weve-learned-so-far-premier-league-season [3]https://netivist.org/debate/who-will-win-the-premier-league-2017 [4] http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/193218-nigeria-premier-league-sharks-relegated-enyimba-crowned-champions.html [5] http://www.sportstats.com/soccer/nigeria/premier-league

Abuja, Nigeria. April 19th, 2016 – Latest opinion poll results released by NOIPolls has revealed that about 5 in 10 Nigerians have expressed dissatisfaction over the government’s handling of the crisis between farmers and fulani herdsmen across some north-central states of the country. This latest finding corroborates recent media commentary which has called on the government to urgently intervene to curb further killings and destruction of lives and properties; because the incessant clashes between farmers and herdsmen could escalate into a national crisis if not properly managed.[1] In the same vein, respondents suggested the need for dialogue to identify & discuss the remote and immediate causes of the crises. This is in line with global practices in conflict resolution and intervention as contained in the United Nations peace-building guidelines[2]. In addition, respondents further recommended the provision of grazing reserves by the government; justifying the recent decision by the federal government to explore the establishment of grazing reserves for herdsmen across selected states of the country[3]. More findings revealed that while about 6 in 10 Nigerians are aware of the recent conflicts between farmers and herdsmen; residents of the North-Central zone, the most affected region, accounted for the highest proportion of Nigerians who are most aware of the conflicts and series of attacks launched by herdsmen around the region especially in Benue state. This finding highlights recent news reports on the spate of attacks in Benue state, which has resulted into hundreds of deaths and displacement of thousands of citizens residing in the Agatu area of Benue state[4]. Finally, about 1 in 4 respondents (25 percent) admitted knowing people who have been directly affected by the conflict, with the country’s northern region accounting for the largest proportion of Nigerians in this category. This finding affirms another recent news report which stated that the conflict between farmers and fulani herdsmen has resulted in the death of many residents in Mesuma village of Gashaka local government area of Taraba state.[5] These are the key findings from the Farmer-Herdsmen Conflict Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week of April 11th 2016. Brief Background Herdsmen and farmers conflict in Nigeria is a land resource based conflict especially in the North-Central region of Nigeria. According to a report by Human Rights Watch in December 2013, violence between herdsmen, farmers and local communities had killed about 3,000 people since 2010. Herders and farmers are in constant violent conflict over herdsmen’s increased need for access to grazing lands against the expansion of farmland by farmers. Recently, there have been reported cases of Inter-communal conflicts between farmers and herdsmen in some states. The conflict that drew a lot of media attention was the Agatu conflict which claimed over 500 lives[6]. Ensuring national security and resolving inter-communal and/or intra-communal conflict in Nigeria is one of the agenda of this present administration. Threat to Nigeria’s national security are those actions or sequence of events that threaten to decrease the quality of life of Nigerians and prevent the people from making choices that will improve their conditions[7]. Consequently, this will ultimately lead to conflicts and breakdown of law and order. The Nigerian state is predominantly an agrarian society providing employment for 30 percent of its population[8]. Nigeria has huge agricultural potential with over 84 million hectares of arable land, of which only 40% is cultivated.[9] Pastoral farming is the most predominant system of livestock farming in Nigeria and the livestock owners are basically nomads travelling across the country in search of grazing fields and ready market. Due to the vast arable lands in the North-Central, South-Eastern and South-Western zones, the Fulani nomads prefer to take their livestock to these places, hence the encroachment of the animals onto farmlands leading to the destruction of crops. This destruction in some cases causes the farmers to kill the animals which then leads to conflict between the farmers and the herdsmen. The conflict between the herdsmen and Farmers which is as a result of the destruction of arable crops and killing of livestock mostly in the North-Central, South-Western and South Eastern zones of the country has continued to escalated as evidenced by the recent killings in some local governments in these zones especially the Agatu people in Benue[10]. Recently, there has been growing media recognition of the lingering conflicts between these two parties. Some Nigerians opine that the government is underrating the seriousness of the conflict and requesting that they should resolve the conflict either through dialogue, diplomacy or establishing grazing reserves for the herdsmen to avoid further clashes or attacks. Sequel to this, NOIPolls, conducted a poll to ascertain these views and perceptions of Nigerians regarding the conflict between farmers and herdsmen. Survey Findings In light of the continuous crisis between herdsmen and farmers in some communities, the level of awareness of Nigerians was assessed and the result revealed that while 60% of respondents are aware of the conflict, almost 4 in 10 are unaware. The North-Central zone accounted for the highest percentage of the respondents who acknowledged awareness of this conflict considering the series of attacks of various magnitudes around the region, especially in Benue state. This is followed closely by respondents from the North-East zone (68 percent) where residents of Angai and Ndole villages in Gashak local governemnt area of Taraba State have reportedly fled their communities after herdsmen invaded the areas killing scores of persons.[11] Conflict is an aspect of life that is very often avoided for the fear of loss. The opinions of Nigerians regarding the major cause of the lingering conflict between the herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria was evaluated and the result revealed that the major cause of the conflict as pointed out by the overwhelming majority of Nigerians (48 percent) is that the ‘herdsmen’s cattle invade farms to graze’. It is worthy to note that most respondents from the North-Central zone accounted for the highest number of Nigerians who made this assertion. Other reasons cited includes ‘lack of understanding’ between the herdsmen and farmers (13 percent), ‘lack of grazing areas’ for the herdsmen (10 percent) and ‘tribalism/ethnicity issues’ amongst others mentions. Subsequently, one quarter (25 percent) of the respondents confirmed knowing people who have been directly affected by the crisis and the residents from the North-East had the largest proportion of Nigerians in this category. This can be traced to the continuous crisis going on in the region as stated in a news report by Premium Times that the conflict had resulted in the death of many residents in Mesuma village of Gashaka local government area of Taraba state.[12] The respondents’ perceived level of satisfaction on how government has been handling the crisis was assessed and the outcome revealed that half (50 percent) of the respondents surveyed are dissatisfied with the way the government is handling the crisis. This supports report by Government Advancement Initiative for Nigeria (GAIN) which revealed that 79 Percent of Nigerians rated the government’s handling of the recurrent clashes between herdsmen and farmers as generally poor’[13]. In addition, respondents from the South-East zone (76 percent) accounted for the largest proportion of respondents who asserted to this statement. This assertion could be as a result of the aftermaths of the Abbi Community in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area in Enugu State where news report revealed that the community was invaded by herdsmen who unleashed havoc on the people, killing a brother and sister asides razing down several houses.[14] Conversely, 31 percent expressed their dissatisafaction while 19 percent were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. Finally, in suggesting possible ways in which the government can resolve this crisis, 29 percent of the respondents cited ‘dialogue to identify their problem’ whichis in line with global practices in conflict prevention, resolution and intervention as contained in the United Nations peace-building guidelines[15]. Also, another 29 percent stressed that the government should ‘provide grazing reserves for the herdsmen’ and this too corresponds with federal government’s proposition to establish more grazing reserves in the country[16]. Other suggestions include ‘passing a law of restriction on herdsmen’ (14 percent), ‘providing adequate security and tight border’ (7 percent) and ‘educating both parties’ (5 percent) amongst other recommendations. In conclusion, this survey has revealed that the recurrent clashes between the host farming communities and the nomadic cattle herders over the use of agricultural land is still pervasive in Nigeria as 60 percent of Nigerians have showed awareness on the subject and 20 percent of this proportion personally know victims affected by the conflicts. This portends grave consequences for rural development and demonstrates great potential to affect various aspects of rural life. In the interim, due to the high level of dissatisfaction expressed by Nigerians on the way and manner the government is handling the crisis between the herdsmen and some communities in Nigeria, there is need to apply educational and campaign methods to create better awareness and compliance rates of stock routes between farmers and herdsmen. Teach farmers and herdsmen on conflict prevention and educate both parties on the need for peaceful co-existence and mutual understanding. Also, government, traditional and other local institutions should be more responsive to the plights of victims by using appropriate mechanisms at their disposal for effective resolution and management of conflicts. Due to the domesticated practice of animal husbandry in Nigeria, it is important for the government to establish ranches as it remains the best global practice in animal husbandry. This would serve as the permanent solution to the unending clashes and effectively address the menace of arable crop farmers and herdsmen crisis. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of April 11th 2016. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://dailypost.ng/2016/04/12/herdsmen-farmers-clashes-may-become-national-crisis-oshiomhole-warns/ [2] http://www.unpbf.org/application-guidelines/what-is-peacebuilding/ [3] http://www.themaceonline.com/senate-news/297-national-grazing-reserve-bill-scales-second-reading [4] http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/7000-persons-displaced-in-fulani-herdsmen-agatu-farmers-clash-in-benue/ [5] http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/201685-suspected-fulani-herdsmen-attack-taraba-communities-kill-15.html [6] http://www.punchng.com/agatu-monarch-godwin-onah-ig-wrong-on-death-toll-many-killed-by-herdsmen-hunger/ [7]http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/what-is-national-security/ [8] “Labour Force Statistics, 2010”. Nigerian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. Retrieved 11th April 2016. [9]https://fmard.gov.ng/ [10]http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/7000-persons-displaced-in-fulani-herdsmen-agatu-farmers-clash-in-benue/ [11]http://dailypost.ng/2016/04/12/taraba-residents-flee-as-fulani-herdsmen-attack-villages-kill-scores/ [12] http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/201685-suspected-fulani-herdsmen-attack-taraba-communities-kill-15.html [13] http://exclusively9ja.com/2016/03/10/buharis-approval-rating-slips-the-first-time-in-months-poll.html [14] http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/fulani-herdsmen-invade-enugu-community-kill-two-19-missing/ [15] http://www.unpbf.org/application-guidelines/what-is-peacebuilding/ [16] http://www.themaceonline.com/senate-news/297-national-grazing-reserve-bill-scales-second-reading

Abuja, Nigeria. May 22nd, 2014 – Latest Football snap poll results released by NOIPolls have revealed that the majority (69%) of Nigerians predict that Real Madrid will win the UEFA Champions League final scheduled for the 24th of May 2014. Responses from the poll show that support for Real Madrid was highest in the North-Central region (80%) and slightly higher among female than male respondents(74% compared to 69%). Furthermore, Real Madrid was also rated the best team in the Champions League this season by the majority (38%), followed by Atlético Madrid (21%) and Chelsea FC (11%). Furthermore, almost half of the adult Nigerian population (46%) confirmed they have watched the UEFA Champions League this season. These were some of the key findings from the Champions League Snap Poll conducted in the week of May 12th 2014. Brief Background The UEFA Champions’ League is an annual continental club football competition organized by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 1992, and formerly known as European Champion Clubs’ Cup as far back as 1955. The final for this year; the 59thchampions’ league final holds on Saturday 24th of May, 2014 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal. The beauty of this year’s final is that it will be a derby match between two Spanish sides, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid; the first time in the tournament’s history that the final will feature two teams from the same city. This is also the second all-Spanish final, after the final between Real Madrid and Valencia in 2000, which ended 3-0 in favour of Real Madrid. Real Madrid has been in 12 previous Champions’ League finals winning 9 times while Atlético Madrid has been to the final once and that was in 1974 but they have never won the Champions’ League. Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid have met each other in the Spanish La Liga four times this season with Real Madrid winning twice, Atlético winning once and with the final match ending in a draw. Atlético Madrid recently became the La Liga Champions after a ‘winner takes all’ match against Barcelona FC on the final day of the season; a 1-1 draw was enough to give them their first league title since 1996. Against this background, NOIPolls conducted its recent Champions’ League Snap Poll to ascertain viewership of the tournament, seek the views of Nigerians on the best team in the tournament this season and finally, the team respondents anticipate will win the UEFA champion’s league final. Key Findings Respondents to the poll were asked three specific questions. Firstly, In order to ascertain the viewership of the game this season, respondents were asked: Have you watched the UEFA Champions’ League this season? Results show that 46% of the respondents answered positively, implying they watched the UEFA Champion’s League this season, while a majority(54%) of polled respondents responded negatively. Respondents who responded negatively had their interviews terminated since subsequent questions can only be answered by those that have watched the Champions league this season. Respondents who confirmed that they have watched the League this season were further asked: In your opinion, which was the best team in the UEFA Champions’ League this season? Responses to this question revealed that the majority (37%) indicated Real Madrid was the best team in this season; followed by Atlético Madrid with 21% and Chelsea FC with11%. Analysis across geo-political zones revealed that Real Madrid was considered the best team in this season across all zones while the North-West zone has the highest (47%) proportion of respondents. Furthermore, support for Atletico Madrid was almost evenly spread across the geo-political zones, however, overall the South-West (24%) was highest. Analysis by gender indicates that on the one hand, more female than male respondents favour Premier League teams; Chelsea FC (24%), Manchester United (17%) and Arsenal FC (13%) as the best team this season. On the other hand, more male than female respondents favour La Liga teams; Real Madrid (40%) and Atletico Madrid (22%) as the best team in this season. Analysis by age-group shows that those aged 60 years and above have the highest percentage of respondents who indicated Arsenal FC (51%) and Bayern Munich (29%) as the best team this season. In addition, the majority of the respondents who indicated Real Madrid were between 22-29 years of age (42%), while the majority who indicated Atletico Madrid were aged 46-60 years (34%). Finally, respondents were asked: Which team do you think will win the UEFA Champions’ League final on 24th of May? Overall, majority (69%) of the respondents are optimistic that Real Madrid will win the trophy this season while 31% of the respondents think Atlético Madrid will lift the trophy. Findings based on geo-political zones show that the North-Central zone has the largest (80%)proportions of respondents that believe Real Madrid will win, followed by the North-West zone with 74%. The North-East zone (38%) has the highest percentage of the respondents who think Atlético Madrid will win the trophy. Furthermore, more female (74%) than male (69%) respondents predict Real Madrid will win the final while respondents aged 60 years and above unanimously (100%) stated that that Real Madrid will win the trophy. In conclusion, results from this poll have revealed that almost half (46%) of the adult Nigerian population confirmed they watched the UEFA Champions League this season. More findings have revealed that Real Madrid was rated the best team in the tournament this season by the majority (38%) with the North-West zone giving the highest rating; 47%. This is followed by Atlético Madrid (21%) and Chelsea FC (11%). Furthermore, 69% of the respondents foresee Real Madrid as the winner of the UEFA Champions League final match scheduled for 24th ofMay 2014. The highest support was shown by respondents from the North-Central region(80%) and slightly higher among female (74%) than male (69%) respondents. Finally, though both teams have shown their resilience, consistency and remarkable football skills and majority of Nigerians have spoken in favour of Real Madrid; only one team can win the trophy and this will be brought to light come 24th May, 2014. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in May 15th to 16th 2014. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1115 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited, No.1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa, which works in technical partnership with the Gallup Organisation (USA), to conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

Abuja, Nigeria. January 19th, 2016 – Latest public opinion poll results released by NOIPolls Limited have revealed that most Nigerians are currently buying Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), otherwise known as petrol, at an average of ₦116 per litre across the country; with the South East geo-political zone accounting for the highest average sale of ₦128 per litre. This latest finding by NOIPolls corroborates recent findings from the National Bureau of Statistics’ (NBS) PMS Watch that Nigerians bought petrol at an average of ₦119.61k in the month of December 2015[1]. Furthermore, NOI’s poll conducted in the week commencing 11th January 2016 revealed significant availability of petroleum products, as 77 percent of respondents across the country acknowledged the availability of petrol, albeit above the official pump price of ₦86 and ₦86.50k for NNPC and Independent filling stations respectively. On the contrary, only 8 percent of respondents affirmed that they currently buy petrol at ₦86 or ₦86.50k in their locality, with the majority of these respondents residing in the North-Central geo-political zone, one which also enjoys 82 percent availability of the product. This seeming availability of petrol and high compliance to the pump price within the North Central zone may be attributed to its proximity with the Federal Capital Territory, which makes the region easily accessible for inspection by agents of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) who seem to have stepped up their monitoring efforts lately. It is also interesting to note that the new poll also showed that only 68 percent Nigerians interviewed claimed to be aware of the reduction of petrol pump price from ₦87 to ₦86 or ₦86.50k per litre; with about 7 in 10 of this proportion positively affirming the fairness of the new pump prices. These are the key findings from the Petrol Pump Price Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week of January 11th 2016. Brief Background The federal Government through the Petroleum Pump Price Regulatory Agency (PPPRA) announced on the 30th of December 2015 that the new pump price for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) popularly known as petrol is N86 by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) retail stations while other independent retail marketers will sell the product at N86.50 per litre.[2] This prices according to PPPRA is a quarterly price template subject to renewal every 3 months in consideration of the falling and unpredictable global market oil prices. Nonetheless, there are varying reactions by Nigerians about these new prices owing to the continued drop in global crude oil price which stood at 30 dollars per barrel as at 13th January 2016.[3] Some Nigerians opine that there is no significant difference in the new pump prices, arguing that it should be dropped further. According to a poll released by NOIPolls on the 12th of May 2015, 90 percent of Nigerians bought Petrol above the formal official rate of N87 per litre, prompting the question of compliance to this new price[4] . In the light of the above, NOIPolls conducted a public opinion poll to ascertain the opinions & perceptions of Nigerians regarding the new pump prices and availability of petrol across the nation. Survey Findings On January 1st 2016, the Federal Government of Nigeria effected a reduction in the pump price of petrol to ₦86 and ₦86.50k per litre respectively. To gauge the awareness of Nigerians on this subject, respondents were asked: Are you aware of the introduction of the new petrol price of ₦86 and ₦86.50k respectively by the Federal Government on the 1st of January 2016? Findings revealed that most Nigerians (68 percent) are aware of the reduction of petrol pump price by ₦1 and 50k respectively by the Federal Government and residents from the North-West zone accounted for the largest proportion of Nigerians (81 percent) who are conscious of the change in the pump price of petrol. On the contrary, fewer respondents (32 percent) disclosed that they are not aware of such development since they buy the product above the said price and respondents from the South-East accounted for the highest number of Nigerians who are not mindful of the new pump price. Respondents who responded positively and negatively to the first question were further asked: Do you think it is a fair price for a litre of petrol? The outcome revealed that a greater proportion of the respondents (70 percent) consider ₦86 and ₦86.50k to be fair and this cuts across gender, geo-political zone and age-group, whereas 30 percent think otherwise. Furthermore, in order to gauge compliance of the new petrol pump price, respondents were asked: How much is a litre of petrol currently sold in your locality? Findings from the poll revealed that Nigerians buy a litre of petrol at an average price of ₦116. Surprisingly, only a meagre 8 percent each of respondents acknowledged that the product is sold at either ₦86 or ₦86.50k in their locality, with the North-Central zone (45 percent) accounting for the largest proportion of these groups of respondents. This high compliance of the new petrol pump price in this region could be influenced by the proximity of some states from this region to the FCT which is the seat of power. On the other hand, a vast majority of Nigerians (84 percent) lamented that they are still buying petrol above the approved pump price and this is majorly reported by residents from the South-East zone (98 percent) who buy at an average of ₦128 per litre. Interestingly, while the Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR) insists on clamping down on petrol stations who choose to sell the products above the approved pump price, new reports have revealed that Petroleum Marketers in Imo State, for instance, have expressed their dissatisfaction with the situation and unwillingness to sell at the approved price, because they normally incur much higher costs in purchasing their own products. Following this development, recent news reports have revealed that black marketers have been capitalising on this situation to sell petrol for between ₦300 and ₦400 per litre, thus forcing commercial transporters to increase transport fares across the country.[1] Subsequently, to ascertain the amount Nigerians would like petrol to be sold per litre, respondents were asked: In the light of global decline in the price of crude oil, how much should a litre of petrol be sold in Nigeria? Opinions varied on this subject, as majority of respondents (53 percent) would like to see a litre of petrol being sold at between ₦50 – ₦65; with 62 percent of this category resident in the North-Central zone. Generally speaking, ₦65 was reported to be the average amount Nigerians would like a litre of petrol to be sold in the country. Finally, on the issue of availability of petrol, respondents were asked: How would you describe the availability of petrol products in your locality? Interestingly, the poll results revealed that majority of Nigerians interviewed (77 percent) claimed the product is readily available in their locality, with respondents from the South-West zone (88 percent) accounting for the largest proportion in this category. This was followed by the South-East zone with 85 percent availability, even though petrol is sold at an average of ₦128 per litre in the zone. In summary, this latest poll by NOIPolls has further strengthened recent findings from NBS that Nigerians currently buy petrol at ₦116, above the newly approved pump price of ₦86 and ₦86.50k per litre. The poll also revealed that 77 percent of Nigerians affirmed the availability of the product nationwide. However, only 8 percent claimed that they bought the product at ₦86 or ₦86.50k per litre; with the majority of this meagre proportion residing in the North-Central geo-political zone. In conclusion, these findings hold very important policy implications for the Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources and the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) amongst others. While DPR appears to have stepped up with monitoring oversight of filling stations across the country, compliance levels are still very much dependent on sources of petroleum products. In order words, where Independent petroleum marketers source their products from and the landing costs to their filling station would determine how much they would decide to sell. There’s need for the Ministry to keep track of cost of petroleum products at the various depots and jetties across the country. It is simply anti-capitalistic and unhealthy to expect petroleum marketers to sell at a pump below their cost of purchase. Besides, price variations may need to be considered across regions to adequately cater for differentials in landing costs to filling stations, which tend to ultimately decide how much marketers are willing to sell at the pump. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of January 11th 2016. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa, We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/petrol-to-sell-for-n86litre-from-january-2016-fg/ [2] http://www.vox.com/2016/1/12/10755754/crude-oil-prices-falling [3] http://www.noi-polls.com/root/index.php?pid=324&ptid=1&parentid=13 [4] www.theleaderassumpta.com