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About 120 Million Nigerians Have Access To The Internet – New Poll Reveals Abuja, Nigeria. November 13th, 2019 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week commencing on October 14th, 2019 has revealed that 61 percent of Nigerians have access to the internet. When applied to Nigeria’s estimated population of 198 million by the Nigeria Population Commission,[1] this translates to about 120 million Nigerians having access to the internet. Interestingly, when looking at the demographics, 70 percent of young Nigerians aged between 18 – 35 years have access to the internet compared to the 56 percent for those aged between 36 and 60 years and 28 percent for those aged 61years and above. Of the proportion of respondents that claimed to have access to the internet, an overwhelming majority (94 percent) indicated that they mostly access the internet through their mobile phones. This proportion was equally high across the six geo-political zones, and across age demographics; indicating a wide use of smart phones in the country. This wide access to the internet on mobile phones across Nigeria shows that there is a huge market and high demand for smart phones in Nigeria, giving credence to the claim that Nigeria is Africa’s biggest smartphone market. Most respondents (95 percent) who access the internet revealed that they use the internet to engage social networking sites and applications. This finding also held true across geo-political zones and across various age demographics. On the level of awareness, results show that Facebook (95 percent) and WhatsApp (94 percent) are the most widely known social networking sites in the country; followed by Instagram (50 percent), and Twitter (42 percent), among others. Polls on the proportion of respondents using each social networking platform produced the following results – Facebook (86 percent), WhatsApp (84 percent), Instagram (19 percent), Twitter (11 percent), and Snapchat (2 percent). However, with regards to preference, WhatsApp (51 percent) is the most preferred social networking site/application, followed by Facebook (45 percent), Twitter (2 percent), and Instagram (2 percent). Some of the leading reasons Nigerians provided for their preference of WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter respectively include; “It’s Simple and Fast” (26 percent), “Easy to Connect to People With” (20 percent), “It seems more real than other platform” (47 percent) and “The Platform Allows Government to Obtain Feedback from The Public” (31 percent). Regarding the average number of hours spent in a day on social media sites/applications, Twitter captured the largest daily cumulative value, as 19 percent of Twitter users disclosed that they spend 10 hours and more engaging on it. This was followed by WhatsApp with 8 percent of users revealing they spend upwards of 10 hours daily on the average. Furthermore, the poll results show that respondents considered Facebook (98 percent), Instagram (88 percent), WhatsApp (77 percent), and Snapchat (74 percent) most effective for advertising, while Twitter (98 percent) was considered most effective for gaining attention on topical issues and trending subjects. With regards to security, the poll results show that 12 percent of Nigerians reported that their social media accounts have been hacked previously; and of this proportion, 91 percent mentioned Facebook as the affected platform, while 7 percent confirmed that their WhatsApp account has been hacked. The CEO of Twitter, Jack Dorsey recently visited Nigeria and for good reason as 20 percent of internet users reported that they have a Twitter account. This figure amounts to about 24 million Nigerians. Majority of these are young people as the poll showed that young people aged between 18 and 35 years are twice as likely to have a twitter account (26 percent) than older people aged 36 years and above (13 percent). Among those that have a Twitter account, 45 percent disclosed that they are actively involved on Twitter – by sending out Tweets or pictures, or by participating in conversations or other activities using their accounts. The poll also revealed that Twitter users in Nigeria mostly use the platform to get trending news (33 percent), interact with friends (21 percent) and for advertising businesses, amongst other things. Interestingly, a higher proportion (29 percent) of Twitter users acknowledged that giving voice to many voiceless Nigerians is the greatest impact Twitter has made in Nigeria. Finally, with regards to features missing on Twitter, 39 percent recommended that the owners of Twitter increase the number of words allowed per Tweet, as many respondents during the course of the survey expressed that they would prefer to write a whole lot in one tweet. Background Social media networks or platforms are websites and computer programs that allow people to interconnect and share information on the internet using computers, mobile phones and other internet enabled devices. Examples of social media platforms include Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and Snapchat. The fundamental aim of social media sites is to enhance communication through socializing. The advantages of these social media platforms are enormous, given that they are not bound by space and time. Social media platforms allow users globally to meet friends; exchange text, images, audio files and videos; and most importantly stay connected. Nigeria has continued to enjoy technological advancement, especially in the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). These ICT advancements have provided Nigerians with fast internet access, with which they engage in social media activities on various internet enabled devices. According to the Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC), Nigeria currently has about 122 million internet users[2]. The number of social network users in Nigeria in 2018 stood at approximately 29.3 million users; the figure is projected to grow to 36.8 million in 2023[3]. Recently, a bill to regulate the use of social media in Nigeria has passed second reading in the Nigerian senate. If passed into law, Nigerians found guilty of making false remarks on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and other similar media, would have face a two years in jail or a fine of 2 million naira.[4] Against this backdrop, NOIPolls conducted a survey to understand how Nigerians use social media, examining their preferences for each platform, and their future expectations from these platforms. Survey Findings The first question sought to measure the level of internet penetration in Nigeria, and the poll revealed that 61 percent of Nigerians have access to the internet. This translates to about 120 million Nigerians having access to the internet factoring Nigeria’s current population estimate of 198 million according to the Nigeria Population Commission.[5] This figure corresponds to the data from Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), which puts the numbers of Nigerians with access to internet at 122 million.[6] Interestingly, proportion of Nigerians with access to internet was highest among young Nigerians between 18 – 35 years (70 percent). Of the proportion who claimed to have access to the internet, an overwhelming majority (94 percent) indicated that they mostly access the internet on their mobile phones. This proportion was equally high across the six geo-political zones and across age demographic; highlighting a wide use of smart phones in the country. The wide access of the internet on mobile phones across Nigeria shows there is a huge market and high demand for smart phones in the country, and it gives credence to the claim that Nigeria is Africa’s biggest smartphone market. Of the proportion who indicated that they use mobile phones to access the internet, 95 percent reported that they mostly use the internet for social media interactions and with regards to awareness, Facebook (95 percent) and WhatsApp (94 percent) were the most popular amongst other platforms. However, with regards to use, most respondents indicated they use Facebook (86 percent) and WhatsApp (84 percent) the most, followed by Instagram (19 percent) and Twitter (11 percent). Some reasons may explain the entrenchment of Facebook in Nigeria, such as its prolonged presence compared to other platforms (Facebook is the oldest of the listed social networking platforms), ease of use, and the capacity to engage that platform with minimal data usage. WhatsApp’s wide use may be due to the ease of connection on the platform as you only need the phone number of a contact to connect on WhatsApp. These and other reasons may explain the extensive use of these two platforms. Interestingly, WhatsApp (51 percent) is the most preferred social networking site/application, followed by Facebook (45 percent), Twitter (2 percent), and Instagram (2 percent). Comparing the age demographics, WhatsApp was overwhelmingly the most preferred social networking site for respondents 61 years and above (84 percent). With regards to gender, results show some interesting trends – amongst females, WhatsApp was preferred the most (58 percent) while amongst males, Facebook was the most preferred social networking site (51 percent). Across geo-political zones, respondents in the South East preferred Facebook (63 percent) to WhatsApp (27 percent) while respondents in the North West preferred WhatsApp (62 percent) to Facebook (35 percent). With regards to the average number of hours spent in a day on social media sites/applications, Twitter captured the largest daily cumulative value, as 19 percent of its users disclosed that they spend 10 hours and more engaging on it. This was followed by WhatsApp, with 8 percent of its users revealing that they spend upwards of 10 hours daily on average on the platform. The recent visit of Jack Dorsey, the CEO of Twitter to Nigeria is for good reason as a deeper analysis on Twitter revealed that 20 percent of internet users confirmed having a Twitter account, representing about 24 million Nigerians. At 26 percent, male respondents doubled the proportion of female respondent who have a Twitter account (13 percent). Younger respondents aged 18 – 35 years also doubled the proportion of respondents aged 36 years and above with a Twitter account. The North West had the least proportion of respondents with Twitter accounts (14 percent) while the North Central had the highest (29 percent). The poll further sought to know the greatest impact of Twitter in Nigeria, and results revealed that 29 percent of Nigerians are of the opinion that Twitter has given voice to many voiceless people. During the course of the survey, some respondents mentioned that Nigerians can now express their concerns on issues that they feel are going wrong in the country in real-time. Additionally, 25 percent of respondents stated that Twitter makes it easier to connect with different people, while 17 percent stated that the platform makes people interact better, and these attributes are seen as the most important aspect of social media. In conclusion, the poll revealed that about 120 million Nigerians (61 percent) have access the internet and of this proportion, 94 percent access the internet through their mobile phones – indicating a wide use of smart phones in the country. Most Nigerians who access the internet use it for social networking sites/applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. However, WhatsApp (51 percent) and Facebook (45 percent) are the most preferred social networking sites/applications in the country, mainly because Nigerians believe they are simple and fast (26 percent), easy to connect to people with (20 percent) respectively. Additionally, the poll indicated that respondents considered Facebook (98 percent), Instagram (88 percent), WhatsApp (77 percent), and Snapchat (74 percent) most effective for advertising, while Twitter (98 percent) was considered most effective for gaining attention on topical issues and trending subjects. More findings revealed that 20 percent of respondents reported that they have a Twitter account, and this figure represents about 39.6 million Nigerians. Of this proportion, 45 percent disclosed that they are actively involved on Twitter – by way of either sending out Tweets or pictures or engaging in conversations or other activities using their accounts. Given the proportion of Nigerians on social media, government and other decision makers can connect with communities across the country on Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter, given the number of Nigerians who use these platforms. For instance, social media can be effectively utilized in improving work processes in sectors such as education and health. When used effectively, social media could be immensely advantageous in developing Nigeria’s economy and its various sectors. Finally, as the Nigerian population continues to grow and technology adoption levels continue to rise, social media will continue to serve as a vital tool that will shape the opinions of youths and more importantly, allow for direct interactions and conversations in a virtual town hall setting. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing October 14th, 2019. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com badedoyin@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 – 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 +234 816 259 6872 [1] https://www.legit.ng/1248015-nigeria-a-population-198-million-people—npc.html [2] https://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/media-public/news-headlines/614-ncc-hinges-nigeria-s-122-million- internet-users-protection-on-effective-governance [3] https://www.statista.com/statistics/972907/number-of-social-network-users-in-nigeria/ [4] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/361199-nigerian-senate-reintroduces-bill-to-regulate-social-media-use.html [5] https://www.legit.ng/1248015-nigeria-a-population-198-million-people—npc.html [6] https://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/media-public/news-headlines/614-ncc-hinges-nigeria-s-122-million-internet-users-protection-on-effective-governance [7] https://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/nigeria

New Poll Reveals That Nigerians Are Not Willing to Pay for National Identity Card Renewal Fee Abuja, Nigeria. October 31st, 2019 – The National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) through its official twitter handle on Monday 14th, October 2019, announced that the renewal of the National Identity Card will cost ₦3,000 as well as charging the sum of N5,000 for card replacement.[1] However, a new public opinion poll released by NOIPolls has revealed that 80 percent of Nigerians are of the view that the national identity card should not have an expiration date. Also, 72 percent of Nigerians interviewed disclosed that they are not willing to pay ₦3,000 for renewal of the card mainly because it is too expensive (40 percent) and they believe the card should be free of charge (35 percent). Nonetheless, 96 percent of Nigerians mentioned that they acknowledged the need and importance of having a national identity and this assertion cuts across gender, geo-political zones and age-group. Further findings showed that 78 percent of the respondents (18 years and above) said that they have applied to obtain the national identity card. Out of the 78 percent who have applied, 65 percent claimed to have a temporary card, while 26 percent specified that they have obtained the permanent card though most of the respondents in this category had to wait for a long period of time before getting the permanent version; sometimes above one year. In terms of improving the process involved in registration and collection of the national identity, a larger proportion of Nigerians recommended that more registration centres should be created, collection of the permanent card should be immediately after registration and 7 percent advised that the collection centres should be decentralized. Given the above recommendations by Nigerians, it is imperative that the NIMC and all stakeholders involved in the registration and collection exercise act swiftly to improve the overall process, by reducing the waiting time for the collection of permanent Identity cards as well issues bordering the new national identity card expiration policy. These are the key findings from the National Identity Card Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week commencing October 21st, 2019. Background Given the need and importance to provide Nigerians with a valid means of identification, the National Identity management Commission (NIMC) was established in 2007[2]. This aim of the commission is to manage the National Identity Management System, carry out enrolment of citizens and legal residents and issue a unique National Identification Number (NIN), issue a National e-ID Card which is also called a Smart General Multi-Purpose Card (GMPC), manage the National Identity Database (NIDB) as well as verification and authentication of citizens’ identity. Hence, the essence and importance of having a national identity card cannot be over-emphasized as it has a multipurpose function including easy identification of an individual especially in cases of emergencies. The National identity card is a document that proves, states and protects the legal status of every Nigerian that is a card holder. Every Nigerian from 16 years and above is eligible for the national e-ID card. Beyond easy identification, the national e-ID card has other functions which include: Europay MasterCard & Visa (EMV) – serve as a tool to make payment for goods and services anywhere in the world. Match-on-Card (MoC) –serve as a tool to authenticate a person by means of fingerprint Electronic Public Key Infrastructure (ePKI) – serve as a tool for applying electronic signature on contracts, applications etc. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) – serve as a travel document for regional travel where visa is not required Registration for NIN and subsequent e-ID has been ongoing for a while but many Nigerians are yet to receive their e-ID card or access any of the functions which the card is purported to do. Despite this, the commission through its official twitter handle announced that the renewal of the National Identity Card will henceforth cost ₦3,000 as well as charging the sum of N5,000 for card replacement.[3] The tweet generated mixed reactions as some Nigerians doubted the positivity in the recent announcement from the commission. Also, the registration and collection processes have witnessed some challenges ranging from lack of adequate registration centres, long queues during registration and delay in collection of cards which have indirectly affected the process. It is hoped that NIMC will do more in this regard to ensure that these challenges experienced with the national Identity card is tackled head-on. Against this backdrop, NOIPolls conducted the poll to gauge the perception of Nigerians regarding the national identity card as well as the renewal policy upon expiration. Survey Findings The first question gauged the perceptions of Nigerians on the importance of having a national identity card and findings revealed an overwhelming majority of Nigerians (96 percent) are conscious of the need to have a National ID card. This assertion cuts across gender, geo-political zones and age-group. The poll results also revealed that 78 percent of Nigerians (18 years and above) reported that they have applied for the national identity card however, 22 percent claimed that they have not applied to obtain a national identity card. Nigerians residing in the North East (93 percent) and North West (88 percent) zones have more respondents who have applied for the card. Out of the 78 percent who indicated that they have applied for the card, the majority (65 percent) disclosed that they currently have the temporary national identity card issued to them at the point of registration, while 26 percent revealed that they currently have the permanent national identity card. Interestingly, 6 percent disclosed that they did not get either the temporary or the permanent national identity card after they had enrolled for the exercise. Subsequently, 26 percent of the respondents who stated that have obtained the permanent national identity were further probed and findings showed that it took over a year for 42 percent of that proportion to obtain permanent national identity card. Similarly, 22 percent of Nigerians who stated that they have not applied for the national identity card were further probed and 35 percent of that proportion reported that they did not apply because they are not aware of the application procedures. While 24 percent mentioned that they do not have time to go register, 15 percent lamented that the process of registering for the national identity card is too stressful amongst other reasons mentioned. Findings revealed that a large share of Nigerians (80 percent) are not aware of the national identity card renewal policy upon expiration. This cuts across gender, geo-political zones and age-group. On the other hand, 20 percent acknowledged that they are aware of the new renewal policy of the national identity card upon expiration. Further findings from the poll showed that majority of Nigerians (80 percent) were of the view that the national identity card should not have an expiration date however, 20 percent stated otherwise. Opinion on the fee for the renewal of the national identity card revealed that majority of Nigerians disclosed that they are not willing to pay the sum of ₦3,000 for the renewal of the national identity card. Nigerians living in the North East region accounted for the larger proportion of Nigerians who made this assertion. Respondents were further asked to state reasons for their response and out of the 72 percent who said that they are not willing to the ₦3,000, 40 percent mentioned that they are not willing to pay because they believe that ₦3,000 is unaffordable. While 35 percent mentioned that the national identity card should be free, 15 percent believe that it is their rights as citizens to obtain the national identity card free of charge. On the other hand, those who think it should be paid for said it is because they believe the national identity card is important. This is followed by 25 percent who are willing to pay for it to be identified as citizens while 24 percent said that they will pay the ₦3,000 only if it is passed into law. When asked of ways of easing the process of obtaining the national identity card, almost half of the respondents (46 percent) recommended that the government should open more registration centres. Additionally, 27 percent suggested that collection of the national identity card should be done immediately after registration while 7 percent advised that the collection centre should be decentralised amongst other recommendations. In conclusion, on the knowledge of citizens with respect to having a national identity card, the poll revealed that majority (96 percent) of Nigerians nationwide are aware of the significance of having a national identity card as citizens. This significance was evenly expressed across all geopolitical zones as well as across both gender category. The poll also showed that about 8 in 10 (78 percent) Nigerians (18 years and above) have applied to obtain their national identity cards. Furthermore, analysis on the current status of Nigerians regarding their national identity card showed that majority (65 percent) were issued temporary Identity cards while 26 percent of those who had applied received permanent national Identity cards. Also, 6 percent of the proportion of Nigerians who had applied stated that they do not have either the temporary or permanent card. Sadly, the poll on examining the time frame for receiving a permanent card after initial enrollment or capture showed that 42 percent of Nigerians who had enrolled got their national Identity cards after a year or more. Consequently, regarding awareness on the recent national identity card renewal policy upon expiration, the poll revealed that only 20 percent of Nigerians were aware of the policy. Additionally, majority of Nigerians do not think that the national identity card should have an expiration date and are not willing to pay for renewal on expiration mainly because they believe that the ₦3,000 renewal fee is unaffordable. The poll having revealed that most Nigerians who have enrolled for their national identity card were only issued the temporary version and had to wait for a long period of time before getting the permanent version; sometimes above one year, it is imperative that the national identity management commission and all stakeholders involved in the registration and collection exercise act swiftly to improve the overall process, by reducing the waiting time for the collection of permanent Identity cards as well issues bordering the new national identity card expiration policy. Finally, the commission will also do well to educate Nigerians on the identity card renewal policy. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of 21st, October 2019. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s teledensity put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact the Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://dailypost.ng/2019/10/16/nigerians-react-nimc-announces-payment-renewal-national-id-card/ [2] https://www.legit.ng/1100342-national-identity-card-registration-nigeria-how.html [3] https://dailypost.ng/2019/10/16/nigerians-react-nimc-announces-payment-renewal-national-id-card/

New Poll Reveals an Increase in Betting Population in Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria. October 22nd, 2019 – A new public opinion poll released by NOIPolls has revealed a rising trend in gambling and betting as 39 percent of Nigerians polled acknowledged that they either engage in or know someone who engages in gambling and betting in the country. This figure represents a 3 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who engage in this practice when compared with the result obtained in 2017 (36 percent). More findings showed that there are more Nigerians in the Southern region (averagely 47.7 percent) than the Northern region (averagely 34 percent) who engage in this practice. Also, betting has become a growing trend amongst young Nigerians aged between 18 – 35 years as they accounted for the largest proportion (47 percent) of Nigerians who engage in the practice, representing an increase of 6 percent when compared to 2017 results. According to report by News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), about 60 million Nigerians between the ages 18 and 40 years spend up to N1.8 billion Naira on sports betting daily with an average investment of N3,000 Naira per day.[1] Furthermore, the poll revealed that out of the active participants (39 percent) across the country, 54 percent of this category of respondents daily. On the other hand, a meagre 2 percent of the respondents in this group claimed to win a bet daily. Interestingly, 10 percent reported that they have never won a bet and more of respondents in this category are residents from the North East (19 percent) and South East (16 percent). Gambling and betting have its positive and negative sides. However, considering the high unemployment figures in the country, the impact of the industry in the nation’s economy has been positive as it has created thousands of jobs directly and indirectly. For instance, some bookies have a large staff strength and through their associate and affiliate networks, they offer agents a source of livelihood from commissions earned as people engage in betting. On the other hand, the reality is that gambling and betting leave a lot of people (especially the country’s bulging youth population) worse off than they started. In most cases, they experience financial losses, reduced productivity and an even more dangerous gambling/betting disorder such as addiction. It is therefore, pertinent to ensure that the industry is well regulated particularly as it relates to age restriction. These are the key findings from the Gambling and Betting Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week commencing September 30th, 2019. Background The Nigerian betting industry has continued to expand by benefitting from the large youthful population, improving internet penetration and the increasing access to internet-enabled devices. Sports betting has slowly emerged as a lucrative sector, leveraging Nigeria’s huge football culture. For instance, according to recent news report, Nigerians spend over ₦730bn annually on sports betting and at least two billion naira is generated daily.[2] This figure is massive and has the propensity of climbing higher in the coming years according to experts. Additionally, in terms of participation, it is on record that an estimated 60 million Nigerians bet daily which is about 30 percent of the population. In recent years, the industry has enjoyed high patronage in Nigeria likely triggered by the high rate of unemployment in the country thereby, creating a viable environment for the bookies. Gambling and betting have its positives and negatives; as sometimes punters win and lose their bets and typically either of these outcomes can lead to depression, debts or debilitating gambling habits. Given this background, NOIPolls conducted a poll on gambling and betting to the gauge the perception of Nigerians as well as gauge trends. Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge the proportion of Nigerians who participate in betting and findings revealed that 39 percent of Nigerians actually engage in this practice and those aged between 18 – 35 years accounted for the largest proportion (47 percent) of Nigerians in this category. Trend analysis shows a 3 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who engage in this practice when current findings are compared with the result obtained in 2017. In terms of frequency of gambling and betting, out of the active participants (39 percent) in the country, 54 percent of Nigerians acknowledged that they engage in betting daily. North Central zone (63 percent) has more residents who bet on a daily basis followed by the South West zone (60 percent) while the South East zone has the lowest proportion (42 percent) followed by Now East at 47 percent. When current results are compared with the results obtained in 2017, trend analysis indicates a 1 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who say they bet daily. Subsequently, further probe showed that 35 percent of the respondents disclosed that they ‘rarely’ win a bet, this is followed by 29 percent who win ‘a few times in a month’. While 10 percent claimed that they have ‘never’ won any bet, 2 percent indicated that they win ‘daily’. Trend analysis indicates 2 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who have never won a bet and a decline in 1 percent in the number of those who win on daily basis. In conclusion, this current poll by NOIPolls has shown that there is a rising trend of gambling and betting in Nigeria, particularly among the country’s growing youth population. Our previous findings revealed that this trend is mostly driven by the quest for quick money, unemployment, greed and economic hardship amongst others. However, our concern is that while betting and gambling may serve as an avenue to pool surplus funds from the economy for savings and investment purposes; the side effects of this practice on the population, especially youths may have a negative multiplier effect on the country. Therefore, NOIPolls advise that there should be a strong restriction on the age limit and bookies should be strictly monitored by the regulatory body to ensure they comply with the set rules and regulations governing the industry. Finally, regulators should ensure that they make effort to carry out some form of sensitisation on the negative effects of gambling and betting. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of 30th, September 2019. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact the Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/165856-nigerians-spend-n1-8-billion-on-sports-betting-daily-nan-investigation.html [2] https://punchng.com/nigerians-spend-n730bn-on-sports-betting-annually-report/

Quarter 3 2019; Electricity Supply to Nigerian Households Experienced Marginal Improvement Abuja, Nigeria. 15th October, 2019 – The new Power Poll result released by NOIPolls for Q3, 2019 has revealed that 36 percent of Nigerians say they experienced slight improvement in electricity supply in their respective localities when compared to Q2, 2019. This represent a 5 percent increase when compared to 31 percent obtained in Q2, 2019. This marginal increase in power supply may be attributed to the raining season as water level in the hydroelectric power generation increased to expected levels within the period in view. Additionally, Q3 2019 monthly trend analysis shows that electricity supply improved the most in August as stated by 39 percent of Nigerians. Similarly, the poll further revealed that the quarterly cumulative hours of power supply in a day increased from 9.2 hours in Q2, 2019 to 9.6 hours in Q3, 2019. This signifies an increase of 0.4 cumulative hour of power supply when current results are compared with the Q2, 2019 findings. Also, month to month assessment indicates that the month of August 2019 had the larger share of cumulative hour of electricity supply in the country at 9.8 hours per day. This 9.6 average quarterly cumulative hour of electricity supply for Q3, 2019 is still a considerable far cry from the 24 hours of power supply required for the overall development of the country and its citizens; as on the average, Nigerians say they have electricity supply only for about 40 percent of the time in a day. NOIPolls therefore, strongly advise that stakeholders in the electricity sectors should do all it can to ensure that electricity supply in the country in greatly improved by increasing electrification programmes and generation as electricity use and economic development tend to go hand-in-hand. BACKGROUND There have been efforts by the past and current administration to fix the power problem in the country, but the perennial issue has continued to defy solutions. Except these efforts concerted, spirited and determined, there is high certainty that the electricity challenge in Nigeria will continue to persist for years to come. It is worthy of note that Nigeria needs about 40,000 Mega Watt of electricity for the country to achieve its power need but so far, the country has been able to generate only 3,000 Mega Watt[1] as at June, 2019 (most recent value) which is grossly inadequate for a country with the size of the population. The inadequate power supply in the country has continued to hamper economic growth such that some companies have been folding up or moved to other climes where power supply is relatively adequate. Hence, government need to ensure that the right framework necessary for the development of power sector is put in place. There must be deliberate effort by the government and all stakeholders to fix the power sector, otherwise the country will continue to grope in darkness and may never realize its economic potential in the nearest future. It is against this backdrop that NOIPolls conducted its quarterly power poll to assess electricity distribution to Nigerian households in the third quarter of 2019. Nationwide Quarterly Tracking on Power Supply Quarterly analysis of results revealed that 36 percent of Nigerians reported that they experienced improvement in power supply in their households in Q3, 2019. This represents a 5 percent increase in the proportion of Nigerians who said the experienced better power supply when current findings are compared to the result obtained in Q2, 2019. Nationwide Monthly Tracking on Power Supply Subsequently, monthly analysis of power supply to Nigerian households in Q3, 2019 revealed an increase in the proportion of Nigerians who experienced an improvement in July (38 percent) and August (39 percent). However, it experienced a 7 percent decline to stand at 32 percent in September 2019. Nationwide Quarterly Average Cumulative Power Supply to Nigerian Households Further findings showed that the quarterly average cumulative hours of power supply per day in Q3, 2019 stood at 9.6 hours. Nationwide Monthly Average Cumulative Power Supply to Nigerian Household Monthly analysis revealed that the month of August (9.8 hours) recorded the highest daily cumulative hours of power supply to Nigerian households in Q3, 2019. However, analysis from the beginning of the year shows that the month of January had the highest average monthly cumulative hours of power supply to Nigerian households which stood at 10.2 hours. In conclusion, the poll has shown that electricity supply to Nigerian households experienced an improvement in Q3, 2019 as reported by 36 percent of Nigerians interviewed. Additionally, findings from the poll indicated that the cumulative hourly power supply increased to 9.6 hours in Q3, 2019. Despite this increase, it is still a far cry from the 24 hours power supply that is required to meet the power need in the country. Government and other stakeholders in the electricity sector must do more to increase electricity generation in order to meet the power requirement. There is need to explore other means of power generation which will help boost the power needs in the country. For instance, stakeholders in this sector need to invest in solar, geothermal, wind and even ethanol etc. which will help meet the power requirement in the country. Finally, it must be stated that over-reliance on hydro-electric power generation may not have paid off as expected, hence the need to diversify to other forms of power generation. This will indeed help achieve the power need and ultimately boost the economy of the country as the growth of the economy rely heavily on optimum power supply. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted over a period of three months (July to September 2019). It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 3,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country, were interviewed. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 4.65%. We recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.energycentral.com/news/constant-electricity-nigeria-mirage-now-0

Nigerians Tip Liverpool FC to Win the English Premier League 2019/2020 season Abuja-October 9th, 2019 – Latest poll released by NOIPolls has revealed that a significant proportion of respondents (39 percent) have predicted Liverpool FC to win the English Premier League. This tipping cannot be unconnected to the recent form and performance of Liverpool FC in the present season where they have raked in 8 wins in as many matches they have played in the season as at the time of this report. Manchester City FC who are currently the defending champions of the league after winning the coveted trophy last season were tipped by only 18 percent of respondents to retain their title. In terms of followership, 44 percent of respondents say they follow the English premier league. Expectedly there are more males (62 percent) who follow the league than females (25 percent). In terms of support, among those that follow the premier league, Chelsea FC (34 percent) have the highest proportion of respondents who support the team and interestingly, there are more females (41 percent) who support Chelsea than males (31 percent). This is then followed by Manchester United (30 percent) and then Arsenal (23 percent). In comparison, only 22 percent of respondents say they follow the Nigerian Premier league with the South West (25 percent) having the highest proportion of respondents who follow the Nigerian Premier League. 78 percent of respondents say they do not follow the Nigerian Premier league. The reason for this high proportion of Nigerians who do not follow the league cannot be unconnected to some factors bedevilling the league which include perceptions of match fixing in the league and bad officiating, poor coverage of matches and low publicity and general maladministration. It is hoped that the League management company (LMC) will do more in this regard to gain more followership in the league. In terms of support, 32 percent of Nigerians support Kano Pillars FC with the Northwest region accounting for the highest number of respondents (74 percent) who say they support the club. It is then followed by Enyimba FC where 17 percent of respondents say they support the club. Also, a good proportion of respondents (44 percent) tipped Kano Pillars to win the Nigerian Premier League. This tipping can be attributed to their current form of play and success in the league. These are some of the key findings from the football poll conducted in the week of 30th September 2019. BACKGROUND The English Premier League is arguably one of the best leagues in the world when compared to other leagues and when factors like followership and team performance is put into cognizance. The suspense, thrills, intensity and entertainment make millions of football lovers around the world stay glued to their television sets week in week out to watch their darling teams play classical and entertaining football. The English premier league boasts of having some of the best coaches and players in the world. For instance, coaches like Pep Guardiola, Jurgen Klopp, Mauricio Pochettino, Unai Emery, Frank Lampard, etc make up the list of some of the high profile and world class coaches who lead their troops to perform on a weekly basis and of course mesmerize fans with their tactical nuances and savvy manoeuvres. World class players plying their trade in the league play tricky, dexterous and professional football which is adored and appreciated the world over by fans. Some of the players who thrill fans include Kun Aguero, Raheem Sterling, David Silva, Kevin De Bruyne of Manchester City, Mohammed Salah, Sadio Mane, Virgil van Dijk of Liverpool, Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and Alexandre Lacazette of Arsenal, Paul Pogba and Marcus Rashford of Manchester United, Harry Kane and Son Heung-min of Tottenham City etc. Aside from the coaches and players, other factors that make the league interesting include the fantastic nature of pitches, and the overall management of the league which is seamless, world class and simply precise. The recent introduction of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) has also increased the efficiency of refereeing in the league. Additionally, another factor that make the league world class is the ability of lowly rated teams to stun and upset big teams in the league which does not happen frequently in other leagues. For instance, only recently, Norwich City, a newly promoted team stunned Manchester City, the defending champion and a contender for the title with a score line of 3-2 in favor of Norwich City, which to many bookmakers was surprising and unpredictable. Only last three seasons precisely in 2015/2016 season, Leicester City FC won the league after narrowly escaping relegation the preceding season, beating all the top teams to the title. In terms of revenue, [1]the English premier league raked in a whopping $7.3 billion in revenue in 2017/2018 season alone which makes it one of the highest earning leagues in the world. On the other hand, the Nigerian Professional Football League (NPFL) the home base football league which enjoyed huge followership back in the 1980’s, is currently faced with myriad of challenges that have affected its growth and overall development to a world class league. The league is gradually losing followership due to the various problems bedeviling it which range from a lack of sponsorship deals, to limited coverage, lack of adequate representation on cable TV as well as in the local media, maladministration and poor playing facilities as well as bad officiating among many other issues. Hopefully these impediments will be addressed with the current leadership of the League Management Company (LMC), which is saddled with the core responsibility of organizing and promoting the League to meet global technical and commercial standards. Considering the above, NOIPolls conducted its annual football poll to gauge the perception of Nigerians regarding the EPL and the NPFL. SURVEY FINDINGS In order to ascertain the followership of the English Premier League among Nigerians, respondents were asked if they follow the English Premier League and the result reveal that 44 percent of Nigerians follow the English Premier League as against 56 percent of respondents who say they do not follow the league. The South-South region (53 percent) account for the region with the highest proportion of respondents who follow the English Premier League. Also, there are more males (62 percent) than females (25 percent) who follow the EPL. Age group (18-35) have more respondents (50 percent) than age-group (36-60) (45 percent) who follow the league. Nigerians were then asked the English Premier League club they mainly support and the poll reveal that a good proportion of respondents (34 percent) said they support Chelsea with the South East (50 percent) the region with the highest proportion of respondents who support Chelsea FC. Interestingly, there are more females (41 percent) than males (31 percent) who support Chelsea FC. This is then followed by Manchester United FC (30 percent), Arsenal FC (23 percent), Liverpool FC (8 percent) and then Manchester City FC (5 percent) Respondents were asked their opinion of who will win the English premier league this season and a good proportion of respondents (39 percent) say Liverpool will win the league. This is coming on the hills of Liverpool winning all 8 games that have been played this season. There are more males (43 percent) than females (6 percent) in terms respondents who believe Liverpool FC will the league. Interestingly 39 percent of females think Manchester United will win the 2019/2020 season. Other teams predicted to win the league include Manchester City FC (18 percent), Chelsea FC (17 percent), Manchester United FC (16 percent) and lastly Arsenal FC (10 percent). Our trend analysis of the team Nigerians think will win the league show that it is not always a good omen as only once in the past five polls has our tipped winner gone ahead to win the league. In the 2013/2014 season, Chelsea (40 percent) was tipped the League but Manchester City eventually won; however in 2014/2015 season, Nigerian tipped Chelsea (54 percent) to win the league and they did. In 2015/2016 season, Chelsea (39 percent) was tipped to win but Leicester city won, in 2016/2017 season, Manchester United (45 percent) was tipped to win the league but Chelsea FC won the league and in 2017/2018 season, Manchester City FC won as against the tipping that Manchester United will win. It remains to be seen if the current tipping that Liverpool FC will win will come true. On the other hand, the poll sought to know the proportion of Nigerians who follow the Nigerian Premier league and the poll result reveal that only 22 percent of Nigerians follow the Nigerian league with South west (25 percent) being the region with the highest proportion of respondents who follow the league. While quite a large proportion (78 percent) say they do not follow the Nigerian Premier League. This is alarming and undesirable and there is need for the authorities to improve the quality of the league to gain more followership of the league. The South-South (83 percent) has the highest proportion of respondents who do not follow the Nigerian Premier League. Trend analysis of the followership of the Nigerian Premier League show this to the lowest, the followership of the Nigerian Premier League has been since we started our annual football poll. It declined from 47 percent in 2017 to 22 percent in 2019. However, there are many factors that could lead to the decline in NPL followership which include poor coverage of the league, lack of good playing pitches, corruption in the league, poor and biased officiating and so on. There is the need for the administrators of the league to expedite action to address some of these issues so as to regain followership of the league. In the course of the survey, Nigerian were asked the club they mainly support and the poll result reveal that Kano pillars (32 percent) has the highest proportion of respondents who say they support the team. Also, North-west (74 percent) has the highest proportion of respondents who support Kano Pillars football club. The reason for supporting Kano cannot be over emphasized as it has a rich history of dominant play in the league and have been winning the league in the past. It is then followed by Enyimba United FC (17 percent), Enugu Rangers FC (12 percent), Plateau United FC (7 percent) amongst other teams in the league. Trend analysis in terms of support show that it has been an affair between Kano pillars FC and Enyinma United FC with Enugu coming in third most of the time. In 2017 for instance, Enyimba United FC had 33 percent) support and then declined to 18 percent in 2017 and then 17 percent in 2019 while Kano Pillars FC recorded 22 percent support in 2016, 16 percent in 2017 and then 32 percent in 2019. Also, Enugu Rangers had 8 percent support in both 2016 and 2017 and then increased to 12 percent in 2019. The followership of the Nigerian Premier League needs to be improved upon as some clubs do not even have followership at all. Respondents were asked about who they believe will win the Nigerian Premier League and the poll result reveal that nearly half the proportion of respondents (44 percent) believe that Kano Pillars will win the Nigerian premier league. Other teams that were tipped to win the league include Enyimba FC (22 percent), Enugu Rangers FC (6 percent) and Plateau United FC (5 percent). Others include Lobi stars FC and Akwa United FC (4 percent) each, Wikki Tourist FC (3 percent) and Heartland FC (2 percent). Trending the past winners and past tipping reveal that in 2015/2016 season, Enyimba United FC (40 percent) were predicted to win the league and they eventually won the league, the same occurred in 2017/2018 season when Plateau United FC (35 percent) was predicted to win the league and they did. However, in 2016/2017 season, Enyimba United FC (34 percent) were predicted to win the league but Enugu Rangers FC eventually won the league. In the current season, Kano Pillars (44 percent) are predicted to win the league but it remains to be seen if they will eventually win the league. In conclusion, a good proportion of Nigerians (44 percent) follow the English Premier league while 56 percent do not follow the English premier league. The English premier has become a household name among Nigerians football lovers and has continued to entertain and impress football lovers. Also, the poll result reveal that Chelsea FC (34 percent) has the highest proportion of respondents who support the club. Furthermore, a good proportion of Nigerians (39 percent) tip the Liverpool FC to win the 2019/2020 premier league. Currently, Liverpool FC is topping the league and have all 8 games played this season. Contrariwise, only 22 percent of respondents say they follow the Nigerian Premier League as against 78 percent of respondents who attest to the fact that they do not follow the Nigerian Premier League. This is appalling and undesirable and there is the urgent need to turn the tide which will increase the followership of the Nigerian Premier League. Also, Kano pillars were tipped by respondents (42 percent) to win the Nigerian Premier League and the same Kano Pillars have the largest followership (32 percent). Lastly, there is the urgent need for the football administrators in the country to step up and fix some of the challenges we are having in our Premier League so as to make it better and exciting and by so doing boost the overall followership of the league, only then shall we have larger followership in the Nigerian Premier League. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of 30th September 2019. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact the Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/30/european-soccer-posts-record-revenues-as-epl-dominates-deloitte.html

Majority of Nigerians Express Pride in Being Nigerians Abuja, Nigeria. October 1st, 2019 – The annual Independence Day Special Edition Poll results released by NOIPolls Limited have revealed that an overwhelming majority of Nigerians (85 percent) say they are proud to be Nigerians. This is heart-warming and gratifying considering the various economic, security and infrastructural challenges Nigerians face on a daily basis and also vis-à-vis the negative reports about our teeming populace attesting to the fact that they are not proud to be Nigerians. Only 15 percent say they are not proud to be Nigerians. However, it should be noted that there is a 3 percent decrease from the 2017 figure in terms of the proportion of Nigerians being proud to be Nigerians. 5 in 10 Nigerians (51 Percent) said they are proud to be Nigerians because ‘it is their Mother’s land’, which depicts the level of patriotism Nigerians have; even in the face of prevalent challenges. Conversely, Nigerians were asked about their reasons for not being proud to be Nigerians and 30 percent of Nigerians stated that ‘nothing is working in the country’. Further findings reveal that in 59 years since independence, some Nigerians (21 Percent) adduced that ‘improvement in the educational system’ is the greatest achievement the country has recorded. Other achievements mentioned by Nigerians include ‘sustainability of democracy’ (16 percent) and ‘sovereignty as a nation’ (14 percent). Additionally, the survey results reveal that ‘unemployment’ (27 percent) is the main issue Nigerians want the government to address with ‘security’ a close second at 26 percent. At the zonal level, unemployment was cited most in the South East (38 percent) and South South (35 percent) while security was cited most in the North East (39 percent) and North West (38 percent). It is very important for the government to expedite action in this direction considering the danger it portends for the country. These are key findings from the Independence Day Poll conducted by NOIPolls in the week of September 23rd, 2019. Background Nigeria got her independence precisely on 1st October 1960 from the British colonial masters. From then till now, it has been a long, arduous and eventful journey full of ups and downs, highs and lows, successes and failures. It has been a journey characterized by coup plots and counter coups, civil war, return to democracy and everything in between. Within the last 59 years of our independence as a country, Nigeria has experienced many years of military rule starting from the coup that took place in 1966 to when the military handed over power to civilians on May 29, 1999. Since 1999, Nigeria has experienced 20-years of uninterrupted democracy. This singular feat is regarded in many quarters as one of the most significant achievement Nigeria has experienced since independence. It is imperative to mention that after 59 years of independence, Nigeria still battles with the hydra-headed monster – corruption in many spheres of life, and we continue to suffer the burden of several poor and dilapidating infrastructures, inadequate power supply and poor road networks amongst many other challenges. These afore-mentioned challenges have disrupted and stunted our steady and eventual growth as a nation. It goes without saying that the country has largely under-developed since its independence to date in provision of basic amenities to its citizens which is paramount and a panacea for effective growth and development. However, the Independence Day celebration in Nigeria is usually characterized by pomp and pageantry, march past parade by the men of the armed forces and cultural dances amongst other activities to mark the day. A public holiday is usually declared where people take time to re-unite with their families and friends to celebrate the day. It is also a day of stock-taking and retrospective analysis of our achievements as a country. Against this backdrop of the occasion of independence, NOIPolls conducted a survey to feel the pulse of Nigerians regarding our progress since independence and whether or not they are proud to be Nigerians amongst other questions asked. Survey Findings The survey sought to know how proud Nigerians are and so the question was asked, are you proud to be a Nigerian? The survey results reveal that an overwhelming majority of Nigerians (85 percent) say they are proud to be Nigerians, and the North-West accounted for the highest proportion (93 percent) who say they are proud to be Nigerians. It is especially heart-warming to know that such a large proportion of Nigerians are proud to be citizens despite the glaring and apparent challenges Nigerians are facing which include security, harsh economic realities, deficit in housing, electricity dilapidation, joblessness, etc. It is hoped that government will channel its energy in the right direction in ameliorating these seeming challenges. Trend analysis across the years show that there has been a steady decline in the proportion of Nigerians who say they are proud to be Nigerians. For instance, results in 2012 show it was 93 percent, and then it increased to 94 percent in 2013, then 88 percent in 2017, and 85 percent in 2019. This decline in proportion should not be taken lightly as it shows that citizens are gradually losing their sense of pride as citizens and this may not be unconnected with the various challenges we face as citizens in our day to day activities. Additionally, Nigerians were asked of the reason they are proud to be Nigerians and the results reveal that 51 percent say they are proud to be Nigerian because ‘it is their motherland’. Other reasons include ‘it’s a peaceful nation’ (13 percent), ‘We are blessed with natural resources’ (9 percent), ‘we are resilient people’ (5 percent), ‘giant of Africa’, ‘Basic human right I enjoy’, ‘cultural heritage’, ‘I’m being patriotic’ all tied at 4 percent each. ‘Favourable climatic condition’ and ‘sovereignty as a nation’ (2 percent) each amongst other reasons that has been cited by Nigerians. Conversely, the survey sought to know why respondents say they are not proud to be Nigerians and the results reveal that 30 percent say that ‘Nothing is working in the country’. Other reasons include ‘bad governance’ (28 percent), ‘economic hardship’ (26 percent), ‘insecurity’ (6 percent), ‘high unemployment’ (4 percent), ‘marginalisation’ and ‘high rate of corruption’ both (3 percent) a piece. Government needs to work hard to win over this proportion of Nigerians by providing basic amenities in the country. In order to ascertain the level of achievement of Nigeria in the last 59 years of our nationhood, the survey results revealed that 21 percent of Nigerians say that ‘improvement in education’ is the most important achievement. This is then followed by ‘sustainability of democracy’ (16 percent). Also, ‘Sovereignty as a nation’ is next (14 percent), ‘Unity in diversity’ (13 percent), ‘improved infrastructure’ and ‘Improved telecommunications’ (8 percent) a piece, ‘Improved agriculture’ (6 percent) amongst other achievement. Nigerians were asked in the course of the survey, the most important issues they would want the government to address head on and varied responses were received which include ‘unemployment’ (27 percent) with the South East region accounting for the largest response in that regard (38 percent). Unemployment is indeed a pressing problem and there is the utmost need to address it as it portends a lot of danger to the nation if not addressed. Other issues Nigerians earnestly want the government to address include ‘Security’ (26 percent), ‘Poverty’ (13 percent), ‘Economy’ (10 percent), and ‘Electricity’ (6 percent), ‘Education’ (5 percent) amongst other issues. Trend analysis over the years show that the proportion of Nigerians that state job creation as the problem government need to address increased from 13 percent in 2016 to 27 percent in 2019 and also security increased from 6 percent in 2016 to 26 percent in 2019. This drastic increase in proportion underscore the importance of addressing this twin issue of security and job creation immediately. In conclusion, the poll has shown that despite the many myriad of challenges Nigerians are facing, a majority (85 percent) identify with being proud to be called Nigerians. It is indeed heart-warming because of the challenges of security, economy, dilapidated infrastructure, etc. amongst other challenges Nigerians are facing. Nigerians gave reasons for being proud to be Nigerians which include ‘it is my motherland’ (51 percent) which depicts a sense of pride and patriotism amongst the citizens. More so, the proportion of Nigerians who stated that they are not proud to be Nigerians expressed that ‘Nothing is working’ (30 percent) as their reason for not being proud to be Nigerians. There is the need to address some of challenges we are facing in different sectors of the country to restore eroded confidence in the citizenry. Also, a large proportion of Nigerians (21 percent) attested to the fact that education is the most important achievement Nigeria has experienced in the last 59 years. Indeed, the educational sector has grown overtime since independence accounting for many schools at all levels spread across the country. However, there are challenges that need to be addressed in the sector. Lastly, for the country to restore confidence and achieve the dreams of the founding fathers of this country, there is need for the government to address the various myriads of challenges we are facing in the country. It is hoped that in the nearest future, Nigerians will experience great development in their overall wellbeing, and only then will all Nigerians truly be proud to be Nigerians. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of September 23rd, 2019. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact the Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

In Commemoration of UN Access to Information Day, Radio Still Remains the Most Common Source of Information in Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria. September 25th, 2019 – The United Nation (UN) commemorates the International Day for Universal Access to Information on the 28th of September every year. The aim of the day is to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. The International Day is an important opportunity for stakeholders to strengthen access to information as well as emphasizing the importance of open government information transparency and accountability. The right of access to information is a fundamental right of all Nigerians to access information held by public establishments. The protection of the right of access to information is equally vital to democracy and a driver of good governance, accountability, development and the upholding of other human rights. Given the above background, NOIPolls presents past polls on the most common sources of information available to the Nigerian populace to show the trend of sources of information. The most recent poll which was conducted in August 2018 revealed that Radio, internet/social media and Television were the major avenues where the citizens get their information from, among other sources. The poll further showed that the internet/social media platforms had experienced a significant increase in usage over the eleven years period in view. This is not surprising given the role that modern information technologies, such as Internet and mobile phones can play in information gathering, countering false and inciting messages, alerting the people on security issues and inspiring them to act towards finding solutions to problems of development facing their societies cannot be overemphasized. Findings from the most recent poll (see chart below) shows that the main source of daily news for Nigerians is radio (39 percent). This Implies that a larger fraction of Nigerians depends on the news desks of various radio stations within their localities for information on happenings in the country. Other sources of daily news for Nigerians includes; Internet/social media (28 percent), Television (26 percent), Word of mouth (5 percent), Newspapers (2 percent) and community town hall meetings (1 percent). Furthermore, trend analysis from previous polls conducted in past years revealed a dramatic increase in the use of internet/social media. The upswing of new technology has introduced several options for getting information which have continued to compete with traditional media. The eleven-year assessment revealed that internet/social media as a source of daily information in Nigeria has increased from 2 percent in 2017 to 28 percent in 2018. This indicates a huge growth in its usage in Nigeria as a source of information, hence necessitating better regulation of this medium. Generally, over the years, radio has remained the most common source of information to Nigerians. Also, 2018 findings revealed that more Nigerians get access to their daily news from internet/social media than television and newspaper. In conclusion, the poll results established that radio remains the most common source of information for most Nigerians. Trend analysis from previous polls conducted in past years revealed a dramatic increase in the use of internet/social media as a common source of information. Finally, in honour of the UN Access to Information Day whose aim is to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, it is important for organizations, governments, and other stakeholders to understand that it is not enough to have information, but disseminating information through diverse and relevant sources such as radio, internet/social media and television is equally important. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

About 4 In 10 Nigerians Engage in Gambling in The Country Abuja, Nigeria. September 16th, 2019– Nigeria is one of many countries that is being inundated with sports betting. The Nigerian sports betting (online and offline) and gaming industry has grown geometrically in the past few years. This remarkable growth can be attributed to the country’s population and increased access to the internet via enabled internet devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptop, desktops etc. According to statistics, about 60 million Nigerians between the ages of 18 and 40 are involved in active sports betting.[1] On average, these punters spend roughly ₦3,000 Naira every day on bets.[2] For instance, data report from Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) in 2016 revealed that a leading sports betting company in Nigeria makes an average monthly turnover of $10 million dollars.[3] Sport betting shops can now be spotted in almost every street in Lagos and new ones are popping up daily. Gambling in Nigeria is regulated by the National Lottery Regulatory Commission (NLRC) and it is worthy to note that all forms of gambling are restricted from all residents of Nigeria below 18 years. Given this background and the commencement of the 2019/2020 football season especially in Europe, NOIPolls presents findings from its past poll on gambling. The poll, which was conducted in the week commencing July 17th, 2017, assessed the opinions of Nigerians regarding the prevalence, knowledge and possible reasons some Nigerians engage in gambling. The finding revealed that most Nigerians believe that gambling is becoming very popular in the country, particularly amongst the country’s bulging youth population and sports fans. A significant proportion of Nigerians polled (77 percent) attested to the high prevalence of betting and gambling in their locality; particularly amongst respondents in the South-West (92 percent) and South-South (91 percent) geo-political zones which recorded the highest prevalence. Similarly, gambling has become a growing trend amongst young Nigerians aged between 18 – 35 years, who accounted for the highest proportion of Nigerians who engage in the practice. According to a report by News Agency of Nigeria (NAN), about 60 million Nigerians between the ages 18 and 40 years spend up to N1.8 billion Naira on sports betting daily with an average investment of N3,000 Naira per day.[4] Furthermore, in terms of active participation, 36 percent of those polled admitted that they personally engage or have family members who engage in betting; with more than half of this group of respondents (53 percent) engaged in daily betting. On the other hand, 60 percent of this same group reported that they win a bet ‘few times a month’, while 8 percent revealed that they have ‘never won a bet’. In addition, the poll highlighted that people prefer betting platforms that offer timely redemption of winnings, favourable odds on games, reputation for prompt payment and are easy to use. Finally, respondents identified reasons why Nigerians engage in betting and gambling to include: ‘quest for quick money’ (30 percent), ‘high rate of unemployment’ (21 percent) and ‘greed’ (15 percent) amongst other reasons. Analysis across geopolitical zones shows that the South-West zone recorded the highest prevalence (92 percent) while the North-East zone had the lowest prevalence (58 percent). Betting has become a growing trend among youths in the country as the findings also revealed that those aged 18 – 35 years accounted for the highest proportion of Nigerians who engage in it. The chart below showed that a large majority (77 percent) stated that gambling is prevalent in Nigeria. Residents from the South-West zone (92 percent) had the highest prevalence, while the North-west zone (57 percent) recorded the lowest prevalence. Interestingly, analysis by age-groups shows that those aged between 18 – 35 years recorded the highest percentage (79 percent) of respondents who stated that betting in Nigeria is prevalent. The poll also sought to measure the proportion of Nigerians who are involved in betting; and analysis revealed that nearly 4 in 10 Nigerians (36 Percent) actually engage in some form of betting and those aged between 18 – 35 years accounted for the largest proportion (41 percent) of Nigerians in this category. This finding is in line with the report from News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) which stated that Nigerians aged (18-40) years are most likely involved in betting[5]. On the contrary, a larger proportion of the respondents disclosed that they do not engage in or have a family member who engages in betting. It is worthy to note that some of these respondents may outrightly refuse to disclose their participation due to societal stigmatization. The survey sought to determine the frequency of Nigerians who actually engage in betting and analysis revealed that more than half of the respondents (53 Percent) disclosed that they bet or stake games on ‘daily’ basis. While 39 percent engage in it ‘a few times a month’, a meagre one percent say they rarely engage in it. In the same vein, a further probe established that majority (60 percent) of the respondents disclosed that they only win ‘a few times a month’, this is followed by 29 percent who win ‘a few times in a week’. While 8 percent claimed that they have ‘never’ won any bet, 3 percent indicated that they win ‘daily’. In order to ascertain the factors that influence the choice of betting platforms adopted by the betting population, findings reveal that 26 percent mentioned ‘timely payment’ as the main factor that influences their choice. This was closely followed by respondents who believe it is the ‘odds/stake placed on a game’ (24 percent). Other determinants mentioned include ‘reputation for payment’ (21 percent), ‘ease of use’ (15 percent) among others. Finally, analysis of results revealed ‘quest for quick money’ (30 percent), ‘Unemployment’ (21 percent) and ‘greed’ (15 percent) topped the list of reasons why Nigerians engage in betting. Other reasons include; ‘to cushion the effect of economic hardship’ (12 percent), ‘poverty’ (10 percent), ‘just for fun’ (5 percent), ‘passion for sports’ (5 percent) and ‘peer group influence’ (2 Percent). In conclusion, this poll findings have revealed the rising trend of gambling in Nigeria, especially among the country’s bulging youth population. Sadly, according to the respondents, this trend is driven by the quest for quick money, unemployment, greed and economic hardship amongst others. However, our concern is that while gambling may serve as an avenue to pool surplus funds from the economy for savings and investment purposes, the side effects of this practice on the population, especially youths may have a negative multiplier effect on the country. Gambling has been found to be quite addictive and can stimulate further social vices if not properly managed. It has ruined homes, marriages and rendered people bankrupt; hence there’s need for proper sensitization on the negative effects of gambling. Finally, it is important for regulatory bodies such as the National Lottery Commission to step up its regulatory efforts to ensure that the practice is not abused and exposed to young people, especially teenagers. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190412005143/en/Nigeria-Sports-Betting-Sector-Report-20192020– [2] https://medium.com/kamari-coin/africas-sports-betting-economy-7962142b6ca2 [3] https://thenerveafrica.com/13299/betting-on-the-odds-a-look-at-nigerias-million-dollar-sports-betting-industry/ [4] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/nigerians-spend-n1-8bn-sports-betting-daily-investigation/ [5] http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/nigerians-spend-n1-8bn-sports-betting-daily-investigation/ About 4 In 10 Nigerians Engage in Gambling in The Country

Tribal Discrimination; An Urgent Need To Enhance Inter-Tribal Relationship In Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria. September 11th, 2019 – A public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls revealed at least one in every two Nigerian has been a victim of tribal discrimination or know someone who has been a victim. The survey also showed that more Nigerians attributed the problem of tribal inequality to ‘lack of unity’ amongst the Nigerian people. The figures from the poll indicate that, out of the total population of Nigerians, 44 percent feel that all tribes are equal, while a significant proportion (56 percent) of the population feel that all tribes are not equal. The reason for the variations in opinion being largely attributable to fact that ‘Nigerians have equal rights as humans’ and ‘lack of unity’ respectively. Figures from the poll indicate that the problem of tribal discrimination is getting worse, as the level of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria 5 years ago, compared to now, is viewed by 43 percent of the population of the country to be worse. It is also interesting to know that 41 percent of Nigerians feel that no attention is really given to this menace in our society. Therefore, to address this issue in Nigeria and reach the ultimate goal of national unity, it is necessary for all level of government to unite people in many aspects of life as possible especially on governmental and social level. For instance, economic cooperation, youth education, political and state cooperation, inter-tribal marriages and secular activities such as national festivals, celebration, introducing traditional holidays can go a long way in solving tribal discrimination Survey Background Right to freedom from discrimination is one of the fundamental rights of every citizen in Nigeria as enshrined in Chapter IV of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) and the section provides that; ‘A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, ethnic group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion shall not, by reason that he is such a person be subject to any disability or deprivation merely by reason of the circumstances of his birth.’ According to statistics, youth unemployment rate is very high, there is lack of health care facilities and high crime rate. In spite of all these, the youth who are supposed to be at the fore front of change and development campaigns are sometimes vulnerable to different forms of discrimination. Nigeria emerged after independence in 1960 as one of the main powers on the African continent and even dominated the political, economic and social arenas in Africa. Nigeria also contributed greatly in the founding of the Organization of Africa Unity (now AU) in 1963 as well as its persistent fight against white rule in Africa. Further in 1975, Nigeria also played a very important role in establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to foster trade relations and cooperation amongst the countries found on the Western part of Africa.[1] However, Nigeria went through a civil war between 1967 and 1970, that left millions of people dead and the hope of a great and rising nation, dimmed. Undeniably, the country has come far since that war, but it is also clear that more could have been achieved in terms of national integration. As an effort to maintain a united Nigeria, the Federal Character was enshrined in Nigeria’s constitution since 1979 to ensure that appointments to public service institutions fairly reflect the linguistic, ethnic, religious, and geographic diversity of the country.[2] Given the above background, NOIPolls conducted a survey to ascertain the perception of Nigerian citizens and residents regarding the issue of tribal discrimination, as it affects gender, age-group, geo-political zones, and occupation of respondents. It also sought for the varying opinions of citizens regarding the level of attention paid to the improvement of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria. Survey Findings The poll sought to determine and ascertain the perception of Nigerians regarding tribal discrimination (i.e. the equality of rights of the various tribes) in the country and the analysis of the survey revealed that 44 percent of Nigerians nationwide, stated that all tribes in Nigeria are equal; while 56 percent of this proportion are of the view that all tribes in Nigeria are unequal. Clearly, the picture painted here is that about 56 percent of Nigerians nationwide seem to suggest that tribal discrimination holds sway in the country. Analysis across geo-political zones revealed that the North-West and South-West regions (51 percent each) had the highest proportion of Nigerians who believed that all tribes in Nigeria are treated equally. On the other hand, the South-East region (70 percent) had the highest percentage of Nigerians that stated that all tribes in Nigeria are not treated equally. It is important to state that the South-East is the region that was at the centre of the Civil War that engulfed Nigeria between the years 1967-1970. Furthermore, the poll sought to ascertain the various reasons for tribal discrimination in Nigeria nationwide. The analysis of the survey revealed that the common cause of tribal inequality is lack of unity with a proportion of 21 percent of Nigerians of the view that that is chief among the root causes An analysis of the rationale underpinning the perception of the 45 percent of the respondents that believe that all tribes are equal shows that the most respondents believe that Nigerians have equal rights. Inquiries were made to contrast and compare the level of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria currently with what was obtained 5 years ago and findings revealed that 43 percent of the Nigerian population perceive that the level of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria is getting worse. However, 39 percent claimed that it is getting better. The respondents from the North-West geopolitical zone (61 percent) are of the opinion that the level of inter-tribal relationship is getting better, compared to 5 years ago. The South-East zone (15 percent) had the lowest percentage of Nigerians in this category. At 29 percent, respondents from the South-West region, had the highest percentage of all Nigerians that believed that the level of inter-tribal relationship in their immediate environment remained the same. The South-East region believes that inter-tribal relationship in their environment is getting worse compared to 5 years ago. Progressively, the survey sought to determine the extent of attention given to the improvement of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria and survey results revealed that 41 percent of the population of the country believed and stated their opinion that ‘to no extent at all’ is attention given to the improvement of inter-tribal relationship in Nigeria. 38 percent of Nigerians think that it is only ‘to some extent’ while 21 percent believe that attention is given to the improvement of inter-tribal relationship in the country ‘to a large extent’. The result of the poll revealed that the North-West zone (41 percent) are of the opinion that attention is given to improvement of inter-tribal relationship. Furthermore, the poll results revealed that the South-East zone (68 percent) believe that ‘to no extent at all’ is attention given to the improvement of inter-tribal relationship in their immediate environment. The poll also sought to understand whether any of the respondents have ever experienced or know of anyone who had ever experienced tribal discrimination. The results of the survey revealed that 43 percent of the Nigerian population have experienced/know persons who have experienced tribal discrimination. However, 57 percent of the Nigerians stated that they have not experienced or know of anyone who have experienced tribal discrimination. Analysis of the survey results revealed that 61 percent of Nigerians from the South-East region have either had experience or know persons who have had personal experience of tribal discrimination. The South-West zone (34 percent) had the lowest percentage of Nigerians who have or know persons that have experienced tribal discrimination. The poll sought to determine and ascertain whether Nigerians have or know of anyone who has ever experienced opposition regarding inter-ethnic marriage and the analysis of the survey revealed that 48 percent of Nigerians nationwide, stated that they either have or know of persons who have experienced opposition regarding inter-ethnic marriage. On the contrary, 52 percent claimed that they have not nor know of persons who have experienced opposition regarding inter-ethnic marriage. Further analysis along geo-political zones indicated that nationwide, South-East (54 percent), North-East (53 percent) and South-South (50 percent) accounted for the zones where majority of Nigerians claimed to have or know of persons who have experienced opposition regarding inter-ethnic marriage. Whereas, the North-East (58 percent), South-West (54 percent) and North-Central (49 percent) accounted for the zones where majority of Nigerians stated that they have neither experienced nor know of anyone who have experienced opposition regarding inter-ethnic marriage. In conclusion, with regards to tribal discrimination in Nigeria, the survey revealed that 56 percent of Nigerians still feel the sting of tribal discrimination and hence believe that all tribes are not equal in the country. The perception of discrimination varies in degrees with respect to age group, gender, geo-political zones, occupation etc. One of the reasons for this perception is lack of unity. Tribal discrimination is a negative factor that is foiling the progress hoped for by the Nigerian people as regards nation-building. Overtime, many Nigerian leaders at various levels have been perceived to be tribally discriminatory. This fuels distrust among their followers. The constant reference to tribal animosities and differences affects the psyche of the youths and has created a pattern or legacy of hate and suspicion which the successive generation carries along. The national conference held in 2014 was geared towards resolving the country’s diversity to make it work. It is, therefore, imperative that some decisions reached at that conference should be given attention. The survival of Nigeria hangs in the balance if Nigerians in position of authority do not proactively come together, and look beyond tribal, religious and party affiliations in addressing our national issues. Interestingly, even bigoted leaders know how to shake hands across tribal divide but are good at sowing seeds of discord among their followers, to achieve a political end. One of the ways out of tribal discrimination in Nigeria is cultural reorientation on the beauty of diversity. The results of the survey are a call on all Nigerians to focus on addressing the human factors that are contributing to conflicts, underdevelopment and bad governance as against vilifying the beauty of their diversities. We also need to set up effective organisations that will serve as check and balance on governments at various levels, particularly in respect to institutional discrimination. Also, government at all level should encourage economic cooperation, youth education, political and state cooperation, inter-tribal marriages and secular activities such as national festivals, celebration, introducing traditional holidays as a way of solving tribal discrimination in the country. Finally, based on the 77 percentage of Nigerians who affirmed that there is no belief or tradition in their locality or tribe that reinforces discrimination against people from other locality or tribe, it is reassuring that there just might be a glimmer of hope for better inter-tribal relations in the near future. Undeniably, more still needs to be done to sensitize Nigerians on the benefits and merits of national unity which is the canopy effect of inter-tribal relations. Hence, the Federal government through the National Orientation Agency (NOA), traditional leaders, religious bodies and National Media outlets should make concerted effort in reinforcing the need to dump discrimination and embrace inter-tribal unity. METHODOLOGY The survey was conducted in October 2018 and it involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/10/stella-oduah-tribalism-ethnicity-bane-nigerias-development/ [2]https://www.legit.ng/1174879-what-federal-character-principle-nigeria.html

Abuja, Nigeria. August 27th, 2019 – The Nigerian health system has been evolving over the years through various health care reforms aimed at tackling the public health challenges in the country. For instance, the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), the National Immunisation Coverage Scheme (NICS), the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS) and the Nigerian Pay for Performance scheme are some of the reforms which should ordinarily address the health care challenges faced in the country. The NHIS was launched in 2005 however, news reports and statistics have shown that the scheme only covers less than 10 percent of Nigerians. This implies that most of the vulnerable population are left at the pity of health care services which in most cases are not affordable. Given the above background, NOIPolls presents findings from its previous poll on health insurance which was conducted in August 2017. The poll gauged the perception of Nigerians regarding health insurance in the country. Findings from the poll revealed that as many as 89 percent of the population pay for healthcare services out-of-pocket. This finding does not in any way coincide with the main purpose of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) which is primarily securing universal health coverage and access to adequate and affordable healthcare in order to improve the health status of Nigerians. Further findings from the poll revealed that only 9 percent claimed they have some form of health insurance, of which 71 percent indicated NHIS and 21 percent indicated Private Health Management Organizations (HMOs) as their provider. Interestingly, a substantial proportion of Nigerians (78 percent) who were not covered expressed willingness to pay a small amount of money monthly/yearly to get enrolled for health coverage. The chart below showed that the most utilized healthcare facilities by Nigerians is government owned hospitals (primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities) as revealed by majority of Nigerians (63 percent) interviewed. This was followed by respondents who visit private hospitals (39 percent) and Pharmacy/Chemist stores (17 percent), and those who self-medicate (13 percent) amongst others. Subsequently, when asked how they pay for healthcare services, most of the respondents (82 percent) reported that they pay “Out of pocket”, and this cuts across gender, geo-political zones and age groups. Further analysis indicated that a total of 89 percent actually pays out of pocket, since 7 percent of respondents said they received support from friends and family, which can also be categorised as out of pocket expenses. This was followed in a far distance by only 9 percent of the respondents who claimed that they access health care services using their health insurance scheme. This finding clearly highlights the low penetration of health insurance among the populace, which urgently needs to be bridged in order to achieve universal health coverage. Subsequently, poll also ascertained the willingness of Nigerians who pay out of pocket to pay a small amount of money monthly or yearly (premium) in order to access healthcare services when they need it, especially in time of emergency. In response, 78 percent of the respondents expressed their willingness to pay a small amount to get enrolled into the health insurance scheme. Interestingly, during the course of the poll, some respondents made on the spot inquiries on how to enroll on a health insurance scheme. These findings clearly demonstrate the critical need for sensitization and awareness campaigns to mobilize the citizenry on the need and benefits of health insurance. In conclusion, the National Health Insurance Scheme was set up with the objective of making health care accessible and affordable to many Nigerians, however, the poll revealed that 89 percent of Nigerians do not have any form of health insurance, thus they pay out of pocket to access healthcare services. Of this proportion, 78 percent expressed their willingness to pay a small amount of money to enable them access service whenever they fall ill. These findings clearly highlight the low penetration of health insurance across the country and calls for intensive sensitization and mass mobilisation of the populace. Also, there is an urgent need to amend the NHIS Act and enact laws to make the scheme compulsory for all Nigerians as this would ensure proper monitoring, efficiency, proper utilization of the health facilities and ultimately better health care delivery system in the country. It is heart-warming to note that at least 10 Nigerian States have signed the health insurance laws[1] to help in achieving equitable and sustainable health financing mechanism. Functional State health insurance schemes will help increase the pool of individuals with health insurance thereby driving down premiums. Finally, while it is critical for government to re-evaluate its current budgetary allocation to the health sector, it is also important for stakeholders to consider more sustainable ways to finance the sector through health insurance, and to mobilise the public to increase the pool of funds available for investment into the sector. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://www.connecteddevelopment.org/new-health-insurance-regimes-in-nigerian-states-will-signing-state-health-insurance-laws-lead-to-better-health-for-nigerian-citizens/

Top Socio-Economic Issues Faced by Women in Nigeria; Lack of Financial Empowerment, Poverty and Lack of Access to Quality Education Abuja, Nigeria. August 15th, 2019 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls on the week commencing July 22nd has revealed that the major challenge faced by women in Nigeria is financial empowerment. Considering the unacknowledged role most women play in development and the need to ensure equal opportunities for the enhancement of sustainable human development, this poll also revealed several socio-economic challenges faced by women in Nigeria. Based on poll interview conducted among women across the country, the results identified lack of financial empowerment (42 percent), poverty (35 percent), access to quality education (33 percent), gender inequality (19 percent), domestic violence (19 percent), sexual abuse (19 percent), cultural discrimination (19 percent), gender discrimination in employment (17 percent), religious discrimination (14 percent), physical abuse (13 percent) and rape (11 percent) as some of the challenges women face in Nigeria amongst other socio-economic challenges. Finally, the top three recommendations on addressing some of these situations includes establishing vocational training programmes (40 percent), access to quality healthcare and healthcare professionals (39 percent) and access to soft loan facilities from the government (32 percent) amongst other suggestions. Survey Background Globally, women are key contributors in the development of any country. However, the issues of women exclusion and low participation in politics and decision making have continued to generate attention worldwide. Though men and women are biologically and physiologically different, they both attain the same educational qualifications, socio-economic status and occupation among others. Yet, women are unequally represented in some aspects of public life. For instance, in Nigeria, obnoxious social norms, political exclusion and economic disparity dictate the presence and voice of women in public life. According to 2006 Nigerian population census figure, women constituted 49 percent of the total population, but there has been a gross gender gap between men and women, especially in political representation, economic management and leadership. Against this background, NOIPolls, conducted this survey to gauge the perceptions of Nigerian women regarding some of the socio-economic issues they face in the country as well as possible ways to resolve it. The respondents were asked three specific questions. It is worth noting that when respondents were asked: do you think women face any socio-economic challenge in Nigeria? All the respondent answered yes to this question. Subsequently, respondents were asked to mention the socio-economic issues they believe Nigerian women face and the result revealed that the top three socio-economic issues cited were lack of financial empowerment (42 percent), poverty (35 percent) and access to quality education (33 percent). Analysis by geo-political zone indicates that women residing in the South-West zone accounted for the largest proportion of Nigerians who mentioned lack of financial empowerment. This response may be influenced by women living in Lagos state considering that the State is the economic hub of Nigeria. Also, while most of the women (42 percent) from the North-East believe poverty is the main challenge in the zone, a larger share of women from the North-West zone stated that lack of access to quality education is one of the toughest issue women in the region face. A closer analysis on economic issues alone showed that lack of empowerment (42 percent), poverty (35 percent) and gender discrimination in employment (17 percent) were the top three economic challenges faced by women in Nigerian. Similarly, analysis on the social issues revealed that lack of access to quality education (33 percent), gender inequality, domestic violence, sexual abuse, and cultural discrimination (19 percent each) and religious discrimination (14 percent) amongst other were cited as top social issues women in Nigeria face. Suggestions on how to resolve some of these socio-economic issues highlighted above showed that most women in Nigeria advocated for the establishment of vocational training programmes (40 percent), access to quality healthcare service and professional (39 percent) and access to soft loan facility from the government amongst other suggestions. For instance, women who live in rural areas are often characterised by poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and lack of social and economic amenities hence, do not have access to credits facilities. This often contribute to women bearing a disproportionate burden of poverty in Nigeria therefore, it is extremely pertinent that the federal government encourage women and small enterprises through the provision of credit. Analysis by geo-political zone revealed that women residing in the North-West zone (51 percent) had the highest percent of respondents who advocated for the establishment of vocational training programmes in Nigeria. Also, women in the South-East zone (62 percent) had the largest representation of respondent who suggested access to quality healthcare services and healthcare professionals while, women in the South-West zone (55 percent) had the greater share of respondents who recommended that government should provide soft loan facilities for women in the region to start-up businesses. Further analysis on solutions to some economic issues showed that the top three recommendations includes establishment of vocational training programmes (40 percent), provision of soft loan by government for women to start-up businesses (32 percent) and provision of more employment opportunities for women by the government (17 percent). Correspondently, analysis on solutions to some social issues showed that the top three suggestions includes access to quality healthcare services (39 percent), parents should orientate their daughters (30 percent) and establishment of educative awareness programmes (24 percent). In conclusion, the survey explored the opinion of Nigerian women on socio-economic issues they face as well as possible suggestions on how to mitigate these challenges. Hence, the analysis of results from the poll revealed a plethora of socio-economic challenges faced by an average Nigerian woman. The top five challenges affecting women in Nigeria were found to be: Lack of financial empowerment, Poverty, lack of access to quality education, gender inequality and domestic violence. Given these challenges they provided specific solutions to each challenge; on the issues of lack of financial empowerment they suggested the establishment of a vocational training programmes for women and the inclusion of women politics. These challenges threaten the very existence of women, hinder their capabilities and distract them from pursuing sustainable human development. Therefore, concerted efforts are imperative to mainstream inherent relevant genders issues as mentioned by 19 percent of the respondents. The relevant organs of government should also establish a legal department to focus mainly on advocating legislation against social and legal practices against women in Nigeria. Finally, the government, international organizations, partnership agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should synergize and create policies and various socio-economic empowerment programmes for women in Nigeria to remedy some of the challenges mentioned in this survey. METHODOLOGY The polls involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning female Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

Sixteen Years After Enacting the Child Rights Acts, Child Labour has Remains a Major Issue in Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria. August 6th, 2019 – Given that the dangers associated with child labour in Nigeria, NOIPolls presents findings from its past poll on “Child Labour in Nigeria”. The poll which was conducted in the week commencing June 3rd 2019, assessed the opinions of Nigerians regarding the prevalence, knowledge, possible causes of child labour in the country as well as various ways to curtail this menace. The finding revealed that most Nigerians (84 percent) believe that the issue of child labour is prevalent in the country. The poll further showed that 8 in 10 Nigerians claimed that they normally see children engage in various forms of labour in their respective localities. Data from International Labour Organization (ILO) reported that the number of working children under the age of 14 in Nigeria is estimated to be 15 million.[1] According to the Country Director of the International Labour Organization (ILO), Dennis Zulu, during a two-days’ workshop on ACCEL Africa on Friday May 3rd in Abuja, statistics revealed that about 43 percent of children in Nigeria aged between 5 to 10 years were involved in child labour. Despite several measures to combat child labour, it continues to remain a great concern in Nigeria. The Child Rights Act which was passed into law in 2003 defines a child as one who is below the age of eighteen years and it categorically provides that such a child’s best interests shall remain paramount in all considerations. Sixteen years after being incorporated into Nigerian law, the child labour situation has remained a major issue as millions of children are still engaged in child labour activities. For instance, the poll revealed that children are often seen engaged in street hawking (58 percent), domestic work (11 percent) and street begging (10 percent) amongst other labour activities within their localities. Perception on street hawking showed that it is most predominant in the Southern region (79 percent on the average) than in the Northern region (43 percent on the average). However, opinions revealed that street begging and domestic work are highest in the Northern region than in the Southern region. Interestingly, Nigerians blamed the prevalence of child labour on poverty (58 percent), parental neglect (16 percent) and bad economy (10 percent). Moreover, most of the respondents (27 percent) from the poll recommended that more jobs should be created as the rate unemployment in the country could be a contributing factor in the issue of child labour. In addition, 21 percent suggested that government should improve the economy, 18 percent advocated for free education amongst other recommendations. It is therefore, important that the government and concerned stakeholders’ work together to tackle the issue of child labour by implementing more programmes to eradicate poverty and improve the conditions of workers. Government should also create an enabling environment for small scale businesses to thrive in Nigeria to improve the economy and increase the employment opportunities. The first question gauged the prevalence of child labour in Nigeria and findings from the poll are particularly worrisome as a large share (84 percent) of respondents nationwide believe that the issue of child labour is prevalent in Nigeria. This corroborates findings from International Labour Organization (ILO) which revealed that the number of working children under the age of 14 in Nigeria is estimated to be 15 million.[2] Furthermore, trend analysis revealed a 10 percent decline when current finding is compared with the result obtained 2013. This suggests that concerned stakeholders could have embarked on several awareness campaign that enlightened the public on the negative effects of child labour in the society at large. However, 84 percent is still high thus a need for more eff­ort to further reduce this figure drastically. Subsequently, the poll revealed that the larger proportion of respondents (80 percent) disclosed that they have observed children engage in one form of labour in their respective localities. Analysis by region revealed that averagely, more respondents from the Northern region (84 percent) than the Southern region (74 percent) made this assertion. Trend analysis also revealed an 8 percent increase in the number of children seen engaged in various forms of labour when the 2019 result is compared to the findings obtained in 2016. Respondents who indicated that they see children engaged in di­fferent labour or jobs were further probed and asked to mention some of these labour or jobs they have seen children engaged in. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (58 percent) specifically mentioned that they have seen children engage in street hawking in their various localities and the South-South zone accounted for the larger share of Nigerians in this category. This is followed by Nigerians who cited domestic work (11 percent) and street begging (10 percent) amongst other mentions. Perceptions on street hawking showed that it is most predominant in the southern region (79 percent on the average) than in the Northern region (43 percent on the average). However, opinions revealed that street begging and domestic work are highest in the Northern region than in the Southern region. Trend analysis showed that the proportion of Nigerians who mentioned street hawking increased from 47 percent in 2016 to 58 percent in 2019 whereas, there is a decline in the number of those who cited domestic work (from 16 percent in 2016 to 11 percent in 2019). Furthermore, poverty (58 percent), parental neglect (16 percent) and bad economy (10 percent) were the top three factors mostly blamed for the incidence of child labour in Nigeria. While poverty seems to be the major factor Nigerians attribute to the prevalence of child labour, trend analysis revealed that this perception has declined in 2019 when compared to 2013. Perceptions on how to curb the incidence of child labour in the country were gauged and a larger share of the respondents (27 percent) believe it is by creating more jobs. This will go a long in reducing poverty across the country, thereby reducing the need for children to compliment family income. 21 percent suggested that the government should improve on the economy while 18 percent recommended free education. In conclusion, the poll has shown that the menace of child labour is indeed an issue that needs to be taken more seriously in order to reduce the e­ffect on both the children and the society at large. The various government agencies and stakeholders need to be fully involved in dealing with the issues associated of child labour. The Child Right Act which was passed into law in 2003 in order to curb the menace of child labour has not been implemented by about 11 states in Northern Nigeria.[3] The diff­erent states that have not adopted the Act should be compelled upon to ensure that the Child Right Act is given utmost concern in order to curb the dangers associated with child labour. Government should also create an enabling environment for small scale businesses to thrive in Nigeria in order to improve the economy and increase the employment opportunities. Furthermore, the role of education in reducing the issue of child labour cannot be over emphasized as education remains the basis of growth and development. Additionally, 5 percent of the respondents recommended birth control as a measure to curb child labour. Hence, parents should employ e­ffective family planning methods to have limited number of children they can e­ffectively take care of. Government on its part could put mechanisms in place to ensure public enlightenment and implementation of family planning while, health workers could also be saddled with the strategies for implementation. Finally, the poll has clearly shown that the incidence of child labour is grossly under reported as 82 percent of the respondent are not aware of the reporting channels. Therefore, it is important for government agencies and concerned stakeholders to embark on an intense awareness campaign on the various ways to report the incidence of child labour. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] https://www.borgenmagazine.com/20-million-nigerian-children-victims-child-labour/ [2]https://www.borgenmagazine.com/20-million-nigerian-children-victims-child-labour/ [3] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/329511-12-states-in-northern-nigeria-yet-to-pass-child-rights-law-unicef-official.html