Abuja, Nigeria. November 7th, 2023 – Ahead of the forthcoming Imo State Gubernatorial elections slated for November 11th, 2023, a new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has favored the current governor of the state, His Excellency Governor Hope Uzodinma, candidate of the All-Progressives Congress (APC) to win the governorship race over Nneji Achonu, candidate of Labour Party. This pre-election poll result reveals a substantial 21 percent point gap between the two top candidates. When asked who respondents will be voting for in the upcoming November 11th, 2023, governorship elections in Imo State, Uzodinma led the list of candidates with 26 percent, while the next candidate, Achonu Nneji had 5 percent. However, 37 percent of those polled are undecided as to their choice of candidate while 26 percent refused to disclose their choice candidates; and it is believed this significant proportion of voters would be critical in deciding who eventually wins the race. Interestingly, the poll showed that 79 percent of the eligible voters in the state are registered to vote in the coming election, and 98 percent of this proportion disclosed that they have their permanent voters’ card (PVC); with 7 in 10 (70 percent) absolutely certain that they will cast their vote on 11th of November 2023. In conclusion, this poll has clearly pitched Uzodinma as a top favorite in the November 11th governorship election given his substantial 21 percent point lead over Achonu. However, as party campaigns build up to the election day, the findings of this poll clearly suggest that the significant proportion of undecided voters (37 percent) and those who refused to disclose their choice candidates (26 percent) remain critical to determining who emerges victorious at the poll. About NOIPolls & the Poll Methodology NOIPolls is Nigeria’s premier public opinion polling institution, which conducts periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. The poll was conducted in the week commencing October 30th, 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a random state-wide sample in Imo State. 500 randomly selected phone-owning residents of the state aged 18 years and above, representing the three senatorial districts of the state, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise - within a range of plus or minus 4.65%. Of the 500 completed interviews, 50 percent were male and 50 percent female respondents. Samples for the poll were selected randomly for the senatorial districts in representation of the state’s population – Imo North (22 percent), Imo East (36 percent), and Imo West (42 percent). Also, 24 percent of respondents were aged between 18 and 35 years; 65 percent between 36 and 60 years; and 11 percent above 61 years. In terms of employment status of respondents, top 6 respondents are: Self-employed/Petty traders (36 percent), Businessmen/women (18 percent), Civil servants (15 percent), Professional workers (9 percent), Artisans (5 percent) and Unemployed (4 percent). Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0)8135474512

Dispatch No. 708 | 29 September 2023 Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 708 | Sunday Joseph Duntoye and Raphael Mbaegbu Summary More than three-fourths of Nigerians (77%) are aged 35 or younger. The median age is 17 (United Nations, 2022; Worldometer, 2023). The country’s youthful potential is glaringly obvious, as are the dangers of failing to lay the necessary social, economic, and infrastructure foundations for young people’s success (Baiye, 2022). Beyond providing free primary and early secondary education and offering some technical/vocation training, the government lays out a wide variety of interventions in its National Youth Policy, ranging from study loan schemes for tertiary students and mass literacy centres for out-of-school youth to a job-matching programme for National Youth Service Corps graduates and enterprise development and incubation centres (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2019). In 2018, the “Not Too Young to Run” law opened space for youth political participation, including lowering the minimum ages for political candidates (from 40 to 35 for would-be presidents) (Amaza, 2022). Yet millions of young Nigerians confront unemployment, limited opportunities for skills development, and other systemic challenges that limit their participation in social, economic, and political activities (Abdullahi & Saka, 2023). Nigeria ranks as a “low youth development” country, 161st out of 181 countries, in the Global Youth Development Index, with particularly low scores on employment and opportunity (173rd) and peace and security (168th) (Commonwealth, 2021; Punch, 2021). The Afrobarometer Round 9 survey (2022) offers some insights into the situation of Nigeria’s youth (defined here as citizens aged 18-35). Findings show that young people are more educated than their elders, but also more likely to be unemployed. Security, unemployment, and the economy are the most important problems on the minds of young Nigerians, who think their government is doing a poor job on all of these issues. Most see their country as headed in the wrong direction. Despite their dissatisfaction, Nigerian youth are less likely than their elders to engage in political processes. Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine rounds of surveys have been completed in up to 42 countries since 1999. Round 9 surveys (2021/2023) cover 39 countries. Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians in March 2022. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2020. Key findings Seven in 10 young Nigerians (70%) have secondary or post-secondary education, outstripping educational attainment among older generations. But youth (aged 18-35) are also more likely than their elders to be unemployed: 24% say they are not employed and are looking for jobs, compared to 11%-16% of older age groups. Crime/security, unemployment, and management of the economy are the most important problems that the government must address, according to young Nigerians. Among young citizens, approval ratings of the government’s performance have plummeted to 14% on economic management, 18% on job creation, 21% on crime, and 27% on education. Most youth say the country is going in “the wrong direction” (87%) and offer negative assessments of the nation’s economy (84%) and their personal living conditions (69%). About half (49%) expect things to improve over the coming year. Young citizens are less likely than their elders to engage in political and civic activities such as voting in elections, attending community meetings, joining with others to raise an issue, and contacting elected officials, though their contact with local government councilors and members of Parliament has been increasing in recent years. Download Report Here Education and employment status Nigeria’s youth (aged 18-35) have more education than their elders. Seven in 10 young respondents (70%) report having secondary or post-secondary education, compared to 67%, 63%, and 50% of the older cohorts (Figure 1). Youth are somewhat less likely than older citizens to have post-secondary qualifications (22%, vs. 28% of those aged 56 and above) but far more likely to have secondary schooling (48%, vs. 22% of the oldest group). Figure 1: Level of education | by age group | Nigeria| 2022 Respondents were asked: What is your highest level of education? While they are more educated than their elders, young Nigerians are also more likely to be unemployed. About one in four youth (24%) say they are not employed and are looking for a job, compared to 11%-16% of older adults (Figure 2). These youth who are unemployed (i.e. not employed and looking for work) include 4% who identify as students (Figure 3). In addition, 33% of young respondents say they are not employed and are not looking for work, including 10% who identify as students. Figure 2: Unemployment rate | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Do you have a job that pays a cash income? [If yes:] Is it full time or part time? [If no:] Are you currently looking for a job? Figure 3: Employment and student status | respondents aged 18-35 years | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Do you have a job that pays a cash income? [If yes:] Is it full time or part time? [If no:] Are you currently looking for a job? What is your main occupation? [If not currently working:] What was your last main occupation? (% who say “student”) Priorities for action For young Nigerians, crime/security and unemployment (each cited by 38%) are the two most important problems that the government must address (Figure 4). These are followed by management of the economy (37%), electricity (34%), poverty (24%), water supply (22%), infrastructure/roads (22%), and education (22%). Youth don’t differ hugely from their elders in their priorities for government action, though they are somewhat more likely to focus on unemployment (by a 9-percentage-point margin compared to those over age 55), poverty, and corruption and somewhat less likely to cite health as a top problem. Figure 4: Most important problems | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Up to three responses per person; figure shows % of respondents who cite each problem among their three priorities.) Evaluation of government performance Like their elders, young Nigerians are highly critical of the government’s performance on key issues affecting their lives. Fewer than one in five say the government is doing “fairly well” or “very well” on managing the economy (14%) and creating jobs (18%), while only 21% approve of government efforts to reduce crime and 27% give positive appraisals on addressing educational needs (Figure 5). Young Nigerians’ assessments of the government’s performance on these three key issues have varied widely over the past decade, hitting high points – highest approval – in the 2017 survey and dropping to low points in 2022 (Figure 6). Figure 5: Approval of government performance on the economy, jobs, crime, and education | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? (% who say “fairly well” or “very well”) Figure 6: Youth approval of government performance on the economy, jobs, crime, and education | respondents aged 18-35 years | Nigeria | 2012-2022 Respondents were asked: How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? (% who say “fairly well” or “very well”) Views on country’s direction and economic situation Overall, young Nigerians are only marginally less pessimistic than their elders about their country’s direction: 87% say Nigeria is headed in “the wrong direction” compared to 91%-92% of middle-aged and older citizens (Figure 7). Figure 7: Country’s direction | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? More than eight out of 10 young Nigerians (84%) describe the country’s economic condition as “fairly bad” or “very bad,” roughly matching assessments by other age groups (Figure 8). And a strong majority (69%) say their personal living conditions are bad as well, only slightly less negative than older cohorts (75%-76%). Figure 8: Negative assessments of country’s economy and personal living conditions | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country? Your own present living conditions? (% who say “fairly bad” or “very bad”) Only about one in eight youth (13%) think the country’s economic conditions have improved over the past year, while 70% say they have worsened. Though overwhelmingly negative, these assessments are somewhat more positive than those offered by older citizens (Figure 9). Young citizens express about the same level of optimism as their elders about the near future: Half (49%) think things will get better over the next 12 months, while 26% expect them to get worse and 18% look ahead to more of the same. Figure 9: Retrospective and prospective assessments of country’s economic conditions | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Looking back, how do you rate economic conditions in this country compared to 12 months ago? Looking ahead, do you expect economic conditions in this country to be better or worse in 12 months’ time? Political engagement Considering young Nigerians’ dissatisfaction with economic conditions, the country’s overall direction, and their government’s performance, to what extent do they engage in political and civic processes in pursuit of change? Survey findings suggest that youth have room to extend their potential influence through pathways such as contacting their elected officials, joining with others to express their concerns, and voting in elections. Three in 10 young respondents (30%) say they contacted a local government councillor about an important issue at least once during the year preceding the survey, a lower contact rate than recorded for their elders (36%-45%) (Figure 10). Only 18% report having contacted a member of Parliament (MP), about average for all age groups (18-21%). However, young people’s contact with elected representatives has been increasing, roughly tripling over the past decade with regard to local government councillors (from 11% in 2013 to 30% in 2022) and MPs (from 6% to 18%) (Figure 11). Figure 10: Contacted political representatives during previous year | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? (% who say “only once,” “a few times,” or “often”) Figure 11: Youth contact with political representatives | respondents aged 18-35 years | Nigeria | 2012-2022 Respondents were asked: During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following persons about some important problem or to give them your views? (% who say “only once,” “a few times,” or “often”) Youth also lag behind their elders when it comes to voting, identifying with political parties, attending community meetings, and joining others to raise an issue (Figure 12). While about two-thirds (68%) of 18- to 35-year-olds say they voted in the most recent national election in 2019 (excluding those who were too young to vote), that’s a considerably lower rate than reported by older cohorts (81%-87%). Youth are also somewhat less likely to say they “feel close to” a political party (35%,vs. 42%-56% of older citizens). About four in 10 young respondents (41%) say they joined others to raise an issue during the previous year, compared to 56%-75% among older age cohorts. One in 10 (10%) report having participated in a demonstration or protest march during the past 12 months, which is about average for the adult population (9%). Figure 12: Political participation | by age group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: In the last national election, held in 2019, did you vote, or not, or were you too young to vote? Or can’t you remember whether you voted? (Respondents who were too young to vote in 2019 are excluded.) Do you feel close to any particular political party? Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year: Attended a community meeting? Got together with others to raise an issue? Participated in a demonstration or protest march? (% who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “often”) Among youth, self-reported voting in elections, joining others to raise an issue, attending community meetings, and participation in protests climbed to high points in the 2020 survey and then dropped to significantly lower levels in 2022 (Figure 13). Identification with political parties was highest in 2014 (67%) and dropped by almost half to 35% in 2022. Figure 13: Youth political participation | respondents aged 18-35 years | Nigeria | 2012-2022 Respondents were asked: In the last national election, held in [year], did you vote, or not, or were you too young to vote? Or can’t you remember whether you voted? (Respondents who were too young to vote are excluded.) Do you feel close to any particular political party? Here is a list of actions that people sometimes take as citizens. For each of these, please tell me whether you, personally, have done any of these things during the past year: Attended a community meeting? Got together with others to raise an issue? Participated in a demonstration or protest march? (% who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “often”) Conclusion Nigeria’s youth are more educated and less employed than their elders. Most are pessimistic in their assessments of their country’s economy and overall direction. Insecurity, unemployment, and economic management top the list of their policy priorities – all issues on which most youth think the government is failing. Survey findings also suggest that young Nigerians are not fully exploiting their potential in political and civic processes to ensure that their voices are heard, their concerns are addressed, and their futures are secured. References Abdullahi, M., & Saka, N. (2023). Youth unemployment as a challenge to democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Zamfara Journal of Politics and Development, 4(1), 310-319. Amaza, M. (2022). Still too young to run? Heinrich Böll Stiftung. 19 October. Baiye, B. (2022). Is Nigeria’s current demographic trend a dividend or a disaster? Nigeria Health Wach. 16 June. Commonwealth. (2021). Global youth development index and report 2020. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2019). National youth policy: Enhancing youth development and participation in the context of sustainable development. Punch. (2021). Nigeria ranks 161st of 181 countries on youth education, employment. 10 August. United Nations. (2022). World population prospects 2022. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Worldometer. (2023). Nigeria population. Sunday Joseph Duntoye is the head of data analytics/senior survey methodologist for NOIPolls, the Afrobarometer national partner in Nigeria. Email: sduntoye@noi-polls.com. Raphael Mbaegbu is the head of social research and Afrobarometer project manager for NOIPolls. Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com. Afrobarometer, a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, nonpartisan research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35 countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network. Financial support for Afrobarometer is provided by Sweden via the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) via the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society Foundations - Africa, Luminate, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Mastercard Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the European Union Commission, the World Bank Group, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Uganda, the Embassy of Sweden in Zimbabwe, the Global Centre for Pluralism, and GIZ. Donations help Afrobarometer give voice to African citizens. Please consider making a contribution (at www.afrobarometer.org) or contact Felix Biga (felixbiga@afrobarometer.org) or Runyararo Munetsi (runyararo@afrobarometer.org) to discuss institutional funding. Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 708 | 29 September 2023

Summary Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy, most populous country, and home to a wealth of natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. Its multiple ecological zones have given rise to a wide range of livelihoods, agricultural practices, and commodities, all of which are affected by climate change and shocks. After devastating floods last year killed more than 600 Nigerians and displaced hundreds of thousands, scientists made headlines with their finding that the disaster was made “80 times more likely” by climate change (Kabukuru, 2022; VoA, 2022; BBC, 2022). And while such a precise estimate may be open to debate, few scientists doubt that climate change will continue to put Nigerians’ livelihoods and lives at ever-increasing risk. Frequent flooding joins drought, increasing temperatures, and rising sea levels among the climate-change threats the country faces, with cascading consequences that include diminished crop yields, reduced livestock production, food shortages, income loss, infrastructure damage, and a mounting burden of disease, such as an upsurge in malaria cases (Daily Trust, 2022; World Bank, 2021; Guardian, 2021). The Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (2022) ranking of Nigeria in 154th place out of 185 countries reflects high vulnerability to climate change and extremely low readiness – 14th-worst in the world – to confront the threat. In addition to committing to regional and global agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the government has outlined strategies and plans to strengthen the country’s climate resilience in its National Climate Change Policy for Nigeria 2021-2030 (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2021). Another milestone was former President Muhammadu Buhari’s signing of the Climate Change Actin 2021, providing a legal framework for the country’s climate objectives (PwC Nigeria, 2022; Cable, 2021). This dispatch reports on a special survey module included in the Afrobarometer Round 9 questionnaire to explore Nigerians’ experiences and perceptions of climate change. Findings show that a majority of Nigerians remain unfamiliar with the concept of climate change. Among those who are aware, most say it is making life worse. While citizens believe they can play a role in limiting climate change, most say the government must take the lead, with support from the private sector and more developed countries. Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine rounds of surveys have been completed in up to 42 countries since 1999. Round 9 surveys (2021/2023) cover 39 countries. Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians in March 2022. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2020. Key findings More than half of Nigerians say droughts (51%) and floods (56%) have become less severe over the past 10 years. Only three in 10 adults (30%) have heard of climate change. Among those who are aware of climate change: Two-thirds (66%) say it is making life in Nigeria worse. Seven in 10 (69%) believe that ordinary citizens can help curb climate change. Similarly, 71% want the government to take immediate action to limit climate change, even it is expensive, causes job losses, or takes a toll on the economy. While 69% think ordinary citizens can help limit climate change, most Nigerians (76%) assign primary responsibility for addressing climate change to their government. Large majorities say the fight against climate change requires “a lot more” effort from the government (885%), business and industry (75%), developed countries (73%), and citizens (58%). Six in 10 citizens (61%) say the government is doing a poor job of addressing climate change. Severity of extreme weather conditions Before asking about climate change, Afrobarometer asked about respondents’ experiences with extreme weather conditions. Half (51%) of Nigerians say droughts have become “somewhat less severe” or “much less severe” in the area where they live over the past 10 years. A quarter (25%) say droughts have become more severe, and 19% report no change (Figure 1). Similarly, a majority of citizens (56%) say floods have decreased in severity, while 23% say they have gotten worse. These findings are almost identical to those reported in 2017 (Figure 2). Figure 1: Severity of droughts and floods | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: In your experience, over the past 10 years, has there been any change in the severity of the following events in the area where you live? Have they become more severe, less severe, or stayed about the same? Figure 2: Severity of droughts and floods | Nigeria | 2017-2022 Respondents were asked: In your experience, over the past 10 years, has there been any change in the severity of the following events in the area where you live? Drought? Flood? (% who say “somewhat more severe” or “much more severe”) Rural residents are more likely than urban residents to report increasingly severe droughts (30% vs. 18%) and increasingly severe floods (26% vs. 19%), perhaps reflecting a greater awareness of the effects of weather in more agricultural areas (Figure 3). Economically well-off respondents (those experiencing low or no “lived poverty”[1]) are less likely to report increasingly severe droughts or floods, conceivably because they are more sheltered than their less-well-off counterparts. Figure 3: More severe droughts and floods | by urban-rural residence and lived poverty | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: In your experience, over the past 10 years, has there been any change in the severity of the following events in the area where you live? (% who say “somewhat more severe” or “much more severe”) Climate change Awareness of climate change Lack of awareness can be a major obstacle to climate-change adaptation in developing countries (Shahid & Piracha, 2016). In Nigeria, only three in 10 (30%) say they have heard of climate change. This is the same level of awareness reported in 2020 but 20 percentage points lower than in 2017 (50%), when public awareness of a lack of rain may have been unusually high (Figure 4). Although the experience of increasingly severe drought is more common in rural areas, awareness of climate change is lower among rural residents than urbanites (26% vs. 35%) (Figure 5). Poorer citizens are less familiar with the term “climate change” (24% among those with high lived poverty vs. 39% among better-off citizens). Awareness of climate change gathers strength as respondents’ education level rises: The most educated respondents are six times as likely to be familiar with the concept as the uneducated (62% vs.10%). More men (36%) than women (23%) are aware of climate change, and older respondents are more likely than the youngest to know about the phenomenon (34% vs. 26%). Figure 4: Awareness of climate change | Nigeria | 2017-2022 Respondents were asked: Have you heard about climate change, or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? Figure 5: Awareness of climate change | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Have you heard about climate change, or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? (% who say “yes”) Awareness of climate change increases with respondents’ consumption of news via most media platforms. Among those who never or seldom (less than once a month) get news from the radio, television, social media, the Internet, or newspapers, only 12%-23% have heard of climate change (Figure 6). But awareness of climate change is significantly higher among respondents who get news “every day” o “a few times a week” from newspapers (64%), the Internet (52%), social media (51%), television (46%), and radio (37%). Figure 6: Awareness of climate change | by news media consumption | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: How often do you get news from the following sources? Have you heard about climate change, or haven’t you had the chance to hear about this yet? (% who say “yes”) Effects of climate change Among citizens who are aware of climate change, two-thirds (66%) say it is making life in Nigeria “somewhat worse” (40%) or “much worse” (26%). Only about three in 10 say it is making life better (14%) or has had no effect on their lives (17%) (Figure 7). Perceptions of the adverse effect of climate change have increased sharply from 2020 (44%) after decreasing from 2017 (52%). The negative impact of climate change is felt more widely in rural areas than in cities (70% vs. 62%) (Figure 8). Citizens who are 56 or older (75%) and those experiencing high lived poverty (75%) are also more likely to report negative effects than their younger and better-off counterparts, as are respondents with secondary or post-secondary education (67%-68%) compared to those with primary schooling or less (52%-58%). Figure 7: Effect of climate change | Nigeria | 2017-2022 Respondents who are aware of climate change were asked: Do you think climate change is making life in Nigeria better or worse, or haven’t you heard enough to say? (Respondents who are not aware of climate change are excluded.) Figure 8: Climate change is making life worse | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents who are aware of climate change were asked: Do you think climate change is making life in Nigeria better or worse, or haven’t you heard enough to say? (% who say “somewhat worse” or “much worse”) (Respondents who are not aware of climate change are excluded.) Fighting climate change Large majorities of Nigerians believe that both ordinary citizens and the government have a role to play in limiting climate change. About seven in 10 respondents (69%) who are aware of climate change “agree” or “strongly agree” that citizens can help curb climate change (Figure 9). A similar proportion (71%) want their government to take steps now to limit climate change, even if it is expensive, causes job losses, or takes a toll on the economy. However, when it comes to who holds the primary responsibility for fighting climate change and reducing its impact, three-quarters (76%) of respondents point to the government (Figure 10). Far fewer assign lead responsibility to ordinary citizens (14%), developed countries (3%), and business and industry (2%). Figure 9: Limiting climate change | Nigeria| 2022 Respondents who are aware of climate change were asked: For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Ordinary Nigerians can play a role in limiting climate change. It is important for our government to take steps now to limit climate change in the future, even if it is expensive or causes some job losses or other harm to our economy. (Respondents who are not aware of climate change are excluded.) Figure 10: Who has primary responsibility for limiting climate change? | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents who are aware of climate change were asked: Who do you think should have primary responsibility for trying to limit climate change and reduce its impact? (Respondents who are not aware of climate change are excluded.) Are stakeholders doing enough to limit climate change? Respondents answer with a resounding “No.” Only very small minorities say business and industry (1%), the government (2%), developed countries (4%), and citizens (8%) are making enough of an effort to fight climate change (Figure 11). Large majorities believe more needs to be done, including 85% who say the government needs to do “a lot more.” Figure 11: Are stakeholders doing enough to limit climate change? | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents who are aware of climate change were asked: Do you think each of the following are doing enough to limit climate change, or do they need to do more, or haven’t you heard enough to say? (Respondents who are not aware of climate change are excluded.) When asked to assess how well the government is addressing the problem of climate change, only two in 10 survey respondents (20%) describe the government’s performance as “fairly” or “very” good, while 61% rate the government poorly on this issue (Figure 12). Southerners are particularly critical of the government’s handling of climate-change issues: Only 8% approve, while 68% disapprove. Negative assessments are also more common among more educated citizens. Figure 12: Government performance in handling climate change | by demographic group | Nigeria| 2022 Respondents were asked: How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Addressing the problem of climate change? Conclusion Survey findings reflect relatively low awareness of climate change among Nigerians, especially among rural residents and citizens with little education and infrequent access to news – factors that suggest an opportunity to create greater awareness and popular support for climate action. Among those who are familiar with climate change, majorities say it is making life worse and requires immediate government action, even if such policies and programmes are expensive or take a toll on the economy. Similarly, large majorities are dissatisfied with efforts by other stakeholders, including business and industry, more developed countries, and ordinary citizens, and demand that they do more to help curb the negative effects of climate change. References Kabukuru, W. (2022). Nigeria floods 80 times more likely with climate change. Associated Press. 16 November. BBC. (2022). Nigeria floods: 'Overwhelming' disaster leaves more than 600 people dead. 16 October. Cable. (2021). Key features and significance of Nigeria’s new climate change law. 22 November. Daily Trust. (2022). Seven major ways climate change affects Nigerians. 30 October Federal Ministry of Environment. (2021). National climate change policy for Nigeria. Department of Climate Change. Shahid & Piracha, (2016). Awareness of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation at Local Level in Punjab, Pakistan. September. Guardian. (2021). FG says 2012 flood worst, affects 7m people. 31 May. Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN). (2021). Country index rankings. PwC Nigeria (PricewaterCoopers). (2022). Nigeria’s climate change act – things to know and prepare for. VoA. (2022). Climate change fueled rains behind deadly Nigeria floods, study finds. 16 November. World Bank. (2021). Climate risk profile: Nigeria.

Abuja, Nigeria. October 1st, 2023 – The annual Independence Day Poll result released by NOIPolls Limited has revealed that 31 percent of adult Nigerians opined that Nigeria as a nation has not achieved anything since it attained the status of Independence in 1960. Furthermore, 23 percent of Nigerians cited insecurity as one of the greatest challenges Nigeria as a nation has faced since independence. Other challenges mentioned are economy (20 percent), corruption (20 percent), bad leadership (17 percent), and ethnicity/tribalism (8 percent) amongst other challenges. Despite the challenges, Nigerians still pinpoint some achievements the country has made since her Independence. The top three achievements include democracy (14 percent), national unity (9 percent), and telecommunication (7 percent). Other mentions include large population (3 percent), electricity, (3 percent), education (3 percent), security (3 percent), and social cohesion (3 percent) amongst others. When asked about the single most important issue Nigeria as a nation should address in the next year, 28 percent of Nigerians mentioned the economy, which is closely followed by insecurity (21 percent). Other issues mentioned are poverty alleviation (13 percent), job creation (9 percent), corruption (8 percent), bad governance (3 percent), electricity (3 percent), and education (3 percent). Also, when respondents were asked which country has been positively impactful to Nigeria’s political and economic development since her Independence, interestingly, the United States of America (27 percent), China (24 percent) and the United Kingdom (17 percent) came top. Other countries mentioned are Israel, Ghana, France, Saudi Arabia, Niger, and Russia (2 percent each) amongst other countries mentioned. However, it is worth noting that 22 percent of Nigeria stated that no country has had any positive impact on the political and economic development of Nigeria since independence. Survey Background Independence Day is an official national holiday in Nigeria, celebrated on the 1st of October. It marks Nigeria's proclamation of her Independence from British rule on 1 October 1960. The holiday is commemorated annually by the government and the people of Nigeria with pomp and pageantry. However, in the last decade, activities to commemorate the anniversary have continued to decline. This is a clear reflection of the state of the nation. This year, the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Mr. George Akume stated in a Press Conference in Abuja, that Nigeria will mark its 63rd Independence Anniversary with a low-key celebration. The decision to scale back the festivities was taken considering the country’s economic challenges. He added that no world leaders have been invited, “The celebration is low-key as due to the realities on the ground.” But the anniversary will be celebrated under the theme “Nigeria @ 63, Renewed Hope for Unity and Prosperity”[1]. With unmet expectations for Nigerians, this year's Independence Day Anniversary is a time for Nigerians to reflect on their gains and challenges while mapping out feasible ways of improving on the gains. Against this backdrop of the occasion of Nigeria’s Independence, NOIPolls conducted a survey to gauge the pulse of Nigerians regarding our progress post-Independence. Survey Findings The first survey question sought to know the opinion of adult Nigerians on what they consider to be the country's greatest achievement in the past 63 years. Thus, it poses the question ‘’ In 63 years, what do you consider to be the greatest achievement of Nigeria?’. Findings revealed that a larger proportion of respondents (31 percent) revealed that Nigeria has not achieved anything. Conversely, some respondents believe the country has recorded some great achievements around democracy (14 percent), national unity (9), and telecommunication (7 percent). Other achievements mentioned include large population (3 percent), electricity (3 percent), education (3 percent), security (3 percent), and social cohesion (3 percent). More findings show that 8 percent of respondents interviewed adduced independence, fuel subsidy, the entertainment industry, hunger and poverty, and no unity as some achievements. Survey findings also revealed that 16 percent of Nigerians interviewed do not know/refused to disclose their stance. Furthermore, the survey sought to gauge the opinion of Nigerians on the single most important issue the country needs to address in the next one (1) year. Analysis shows that a larger proportion of Nigerians (28 percent) mentioned the economy. This is followed by insecurity (21 percent), poverty alleviation (13 percent), job creation (9 percent), and corruption (8 percent). Other issues mentioned include; bad governance (3 percent), electricity (3 percent), education (3 percent), dollar exchange rate, inflation, fuel issue/refinery, and infrastructure (2 percent each). However, few Nigerians mentioned attitudinal change, electoral reforms, healthcare, and the constitution (4 percent) as the greatest issues that should be addressed in the next one year. When asked what has been our greatest challenge as a nation since Independence, analysis shows that the majority of respondents (23 percent) cited insecurity. More analysis reveals economy (20 percent), corruption (20 percent), bad leadership ( 17 percent), and ethnicity/tribalism (8 percent) as the greatest challenges specified. Other challenges named are; over-dependence on fuel/crude oil,(3 percent), high poverty level (3 percent), electricity(3 percent ), education(1 percent), border security (1 percent), and agitations (1 percent) Additionally, the survey sought to measure the opinion of Nigerians on their level of trust in key institutions of the country such as INEC, the Judiciary, the President and his cabinet, and the law enforcement agencies using a scale of 1-5. Thus, it poses the question “On a scale of 1-5, where 1 is no trust at all, and 5 is complete trust, how much do you trust the following institutions? Findings reveal that most Nigerians do not trust INEC (57 percent), the judiciary (56 percent), the President and his cabinet members (50 percent), and law enforcement agencies (47 percent). Similarly, analysis shows that 25 percent of Nigerians who answered in the affirmative, when asked if they trust INEC, and 24 percent affirmed for the Judiciary. Nigerians who have confidence in the president and his cabinet are 26 percent while law enforcement agencies are 32 percent. However, more analysis shows that just a handful of respondents (21 percent) either do not know or refuse to answer the survey question. The survey also measures the opinion of Nigerians on the country(s) they think have been impactful to Nigeria’s political and economic development in the past 63 years. Findings show a larger proportion of Nigerians (27 Percent) interviewed mentioned the U.S. (27 percent), followed by China (24 percent), and the U.K. (18). Other countries mentioned are Israel (2 percent), Ghana (2 percent), France (2 percent), Saudi- Arabia (2 percent), Niger (2 percent) and Russia (2 percent). Similarly, India, Canada, and Germany have 3 percent. Respondents who don’t know are 7 percent. However, 22 percent stated that no country in the world has impacted Nigeria in this regard. Conclusion In conclusion, findings have shown that majority of Nigerians 28 percent) reveal that the single most important issue that the country needs to address in the next one (1) year is economy, followed by insecurity (21 percent). Survey findings also revealed that more Nigerians (31 percent) disclosed that the country has not achieved anything in the past 63 years since we got independence. However, the findings reveal that Nigerians indicated that some countries have impacted our economic and political development since independence, among the top mentions are the U.S. (27 percent), China (24 percent), and the U.K. (18 percent). Others include Israel (2 percent), Ghana (2 percent), France (2 percent), Saudi- Arabia (2 percent), Niger (2 percent), and Russia (2 percent) respectively. Similarly, India, Canada, and Germany have 3 percent. Respondents who do not know are 7 percent. Interestingly,22 percent stated that no country in the world has impacted Nigeria politically and economically. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing 25th of September 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states, and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone. polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues that form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877

Abuja, Nigeria. March 21st, 2017 – The United Nations’ (UN) International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is observed worldwide on March 21st each year. The day aims to remind people of racial discrimination’s negative consequence as well as encouraging people to remember their obligation and determination to combat racial discrimination. The theme for the 2017 Day is racial profiling and incitement to hatred, including in the context of migration. This theme highlights the importance of the rights to equality and non-discrimination as basic foundations of human rights; since in many parts of the world, discriminatory practices are still widespread, including racial, ethnic, religion and nationality based profiling, and incitement to hatred. In view of the 2017 Day commemoration, NOIPolls presents a throwback from its migration poll conducted in 2015, which gauged the perceptions of Nigerians on migration and vital socio-economic attributes relating to migration, as well as the perceptions of Nigerians on the xenophobic attacks in South Africa. The poll showed that a considerable proportion of Nigerians are migrants abroad mostly in the United States of America (67 percent) and the United Kingdom (43 percent) when compared to other countries in the world. Findings from the poll also revealed that it is perceived that Nigerian migrants are better off in foreign countries in terms of economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent); however, they are worse off in terms of social interaction (39%). This perception maybe attributed to some level of discrimination against migrants, especially in the areas of housing, education, health, work or social security as revealed by the UN. Furthermore, the UN declared that global financial crisis could lead to a rise in xenophobia, racist sentiments and discriminatory practices against the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights of migrants; the recent xenophobic attack in South Africa is an apt example. In light of these attacks, Nigerians recommended that the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’ Government should engage in ‘diplomatic dialogue’ (25 percent) in order to secure Nigerians living in South Africa among other suggestions. Finally, while the United Nations’ (UN) and other relevant international stakeholders are constantly working towards the elimination of racial discrimination all over the world, migrants must endeavour to go through the proper immigration procedures in order to enhance the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights which are crucial for the well-being of many migrants in foreign countries. Below are some key findings from the migration poll conducted in 2015. Excerpts of Findings from the NOIPolls survey on migration In gauging the proportions of Nigerians who have relatives living abroad, the poll result showed that the larger proportion of Nigerians (61 percent) surveyed affirmed they have relative(s)/friend(s) living abroad and majority of respondents in this category were residents of the South-West (69 percent), South-South (68 percent) and South-East zones (63 percent). In addition, 39 percent claimed they do not have any relative/friend living abroad. Furthermore, a larger proportion of respondents reported that they have relatives/friends living in the United States of America (67 percent). This is followed by 43 percent of the respondents who indicated they have relatives/friends living in the United Kingdom. Other countries indicated by respondents include; South Africa (31 percent), Gambia (31 percent), Canada (16 percent), Malaysia (12 percent) and Germany (12 percent) among other countries. In determining the perceptions of respondents on the socio-economic welfare of Nigerians living abroad, results indicated that most respondents were of the opinion that Nigerians living abroad were better off in foreign countries in terms of economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent). On the contrary, respondents perceived Nigerians living abroad to be worse off in terms of their social interactions with their host communities. Finally, out of the 74 percent of the respondents who showed awareness of these attacks in South-Africa, 35 percent suggested that the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’. Also, 25 percent recommended a ‘diplomatic dialogue’ that would secure Nigerians living in South Africa, while (17 percent) suggested ‘employment creation’ in Nigeria would reduce the migration of Nigerians to South Africa amongst other suggestions. Analysis by gender revealed that more females (37 percent) than males (31 percent) respondents suggested the Federal Government should advise citizens to come to Nigeria, whereas more males (29 percent) than females (21 percent) respondents recommended a diplomatic dialogue between the two nations to aid in securing the lives and properties of Nigerian citizens residing in South Africa. In conclusion, the poll revealed that slightly more than 6 in 10 Nigerians confirmed that they have relatives living abroad with the majority living in the US (67 percent) and the UK (43 percent) which represents North America and Europe. In addition, most respondents were of the opinion that Nigerians living abroad were better off in the countries in which they reside in terms of economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent). However, respondents also believed that Nigerian migrants living in these foreign countries were worse off with regards to social interaction. Finally, most Nigerians (74 percent) acknowledged awareness of the attacks on foreigners in South Africa, with a majority of the respondents (35 percent) suggesting that the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’, while, other respondents recommended a ‘diplomatic dialogue’ (25 percent) would aid in securing Nigerians living in South Africa. In addition, 17 percent of respondents believe that ‘employment creation’ in Nigeria would reduce the migration of Nigerians to South Africa amongst other suggestions. The implications of the above are that Government has to do more to strengthen the economy and improve the social welfare of Nigerians to reduce migration and capital flight, as the world comes together to put an end to discrimination against persons for any reason following the UN’s suggestion which emphasizes the human rights approach to global migration governance to ensure the protection of human rights of all migrants and their families. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing 27th April, 2015. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited is the No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com

Abuja, Nigeria. May 5th, 2015 – Latest snap poll results released by NOIPolls Limited have revealed that the United States of America (67 percent) and the United Kingdom (43 percent) top the list of countries most Nigerians abroad live in when compared to other countries in the world; thus making North America and Europe the two major continents most Nigerians abroad dwell in. In addition, the larger proportion of Nigerians (61 percent) surveyed affirmed they have a relative/friend living abroad and this is mostly true for Nigerians in the South-West (69 percent), South-South (68 percent) and South-East zones (63 percent). While this finding cannot be used to provide absolute figures on migration, it suggests a high level of emigration of Nigerians to foreign countries. More findings revealed that most respondents believe Nigerians living abroad are better off in foreign countries with regards to economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent); and worse off in terms of social interactions. However, there were variations in these perceptions by continents; for instance, while all respondents (100 percent) who have relatives/friends living in Australia and South America perceive the living conditions of Nigerians to be better off in foreign countries, slightly more than half of the respondents who have relatives/friends in Africa share this same perception. Also, while 84 percent of the respondents (accounting for the largest proportion) who have relatives/friends in Asia believe Nigerians abroad are better in terms of financial stability, 62 percent (representing the least proportion) of respondents who have relatives in North America share this same perception. Furthermore, most Nigerians (74 percent) are aware of the recent attacks on foreigners in South Africa and to this effect, majority (35 percent) suggest the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’. Another proportion recommend a ‘diplomatic dialogue’ (25 percent) between both countries in order to secure Nigerians living in South Africa. Moreover 17 percent believe a long term strategy among other suggestion, such as ‘employment creation’ in Nigeria would reduce the migration of Nigerians to South Africa. These are the key findings from the Migration poll conducted in the week of April 27th 2015. Brief Background Migration is the movement of people to a new area or country in order to find work or better living conditions. Suggestion: Migrants undertake such travels with the hope of securing better quality of life. Migrants risk everything in anticipation of a greener pasture. According to UNHCR, the United Nations Refugee Agency, “so far in 2014, over 200,000 refugees and migrants have arrived by sea into the Mediterranean, compared to 60,000 recorded migrants in 2013. The southern shores of the Mediterranean have an estimation of over 600,000 illegal immigrants waiting to embark on the voyage while several thousands have drowned in the past few years”. [1] Several reasons have been attributed to why people chose to migrate; poverty, lack of liveable wage, warfare, insecurity, economic calamities, political unrest, social battle and lack of basic amenities, these reasons have prompted people to leave their country to a perceived ‘safe haven’. Based on some testimonies, migration is worth the risk to some set of people, while others who recount their ordeal wished they never embarked on the uncertain journey.[2] Against this background, NOIPolls conducted it recent poll on migration to gauge the perceptions of Nigerians on migration and on vital socio-economic attributes relating to migration. The poll also sought to gauge the awareness of Nigerians on the recent happenings in South Africa. Survey Findings Respondents to the poll were asked six specific questions. To gauge the proportions of Nigerians who have relatives living abroad, respondents were asked: Do you have any relative/friend living abroad? The larger proportion of Nigerians (61 percent) surveyed affirmed they have relative(s)/friend(s) living abroad and majority of respondents in this category are residents of the South-West (69 percent), South-South (68 percent) and South-East zones (63 percent). In addition, 39 percent claimed they do not have any relative/friend living abroad. Respondents who indicated they have a relative/friend living abroad (61 percent of the total) were further asked: In which continent is your relative/friend living? Findings revealed that North America (39 percent) and Europe (39 percent) topped the list of continents in which the larger proportion of Nigerians indicated they have relatives/friends living in. This is followed by Africa (29 percent) and Asia (14 percent) among other continents. Further analysis by geo-political zones revealed that the South-South (57 percent) and the North-Central zones accounted for the largest proportion of respondents who have relatives/friends living in the North-American continent, while the North-West (45 percent) and the South-East (34 percent) accounted for the largest proportion of Nigerians whose relative(s)/friend(s) currently reside in a country in Europe. In addition, the majority of respondents in the North-West zone (42%) reported their relative(s)/friend(s) currently live in Africa. Respondents were also asked: In which country is your relative/friend living? Overall, the larger proportion of respondents reported they have relatives/friends living in the United States of America (67 percent). This is followed by 43 percent of the respondents who indicated they have relatives/friends living in the United Kingdom. Other countries indicated by respondents include; South Africa (31 percent), Gambia (31 percent), Canada (16 percent), Malaysia (12 percent) and Germany (12 percent) among other countries. To gauge perceptions of respondents on the socio-economic welfare of Nigerians living aboard, respondents were asked: In your opinion, compared to Nigeria, do you think Nigerians are better off or worse off in foreign countries in terms of the following attributes (Living Conditions, Economic Opportunities, Financial Stability and Social Interaction)? Overall, most respondents were of the opinion that Nigerians living abroad are better off in foreign countries in terms of economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent). On the contrary, respondents perceive Nigerians living abroad to be worse off in terms of their social interactions with their host communities. Further analysis by continents revealed that majority of the respondents perceive the living conditions of Nigerians living abroad to be better off than in Nigeria, though variations of such perception differ per continent. While all respondents (100 percent) who have relatives/friends living in Australia and South America perceive the living conditions of Nigerians to be better off, slightly more than half of the respondents (58 percent) who have relatives/friends in Africa share this same perception. The same level of perception may be applied as regards economic opportunities for Nigerians residing in South Africa and Australia, with respondents stating that such Nigerians are better off abroad, while 65 percent of respondents who have relatives/friends in North America accounted for the least proportion of respondents who share this perception. In terms of social interaction, the majority believe Nigerians are worse of in foreign countries than in Nigeria and this perception is mostly held by respondents who have friends/relatives living in South-America (82 percent). In addition, the majority of respondents who have relative(s)/friend(s ) living in Australia believe Nigerians living abroad have the same level of social interaction as in Nigeria. Furthermore, respondents were asked: Are you aware of the recent attacks on foreigners in South Africa? The findings revealed that most Nigerians (74 percent) acknowledged awareness of the recent attacks on foreigners in South Africa whereas, 26 percent are not informed of the recent happenings in South Africa. Finally, respondents who showed awareness of the recent attacks in South-Africa (74 percent of the total) were further asked: In your own words, what do you think the Nigerian government should do to secure its citizens in South Africa? Responses revealed that 35 percent of Nigerians suggest that the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’. Also, 25 percent recommend a ‘diplomatic dialogue’ that would secure Nigerians living in South Africa, while (17 percent) suggested ‘employment creation’ in Nigeria would reduce the migration of Nigerians to South Africa amongst other suggestions. Analysis by gender revealed that more female (37 percent) than male (31 percent) respondents suggested the Federal Government should advise citizens to come to Nigeria, whereas more male (29 percent) than female (21 percent) respondents recommended a diplomatic dialogue between the two nations that would aid in securing Nigeria citizens residing in South Africa. In conclusion, the poll revealed that slightly more than 6 in 10 Nigerians confirmed that they have relatives living abroad with the majority living in the US (67 percent) and the UK (43 percent) which represents North America and Europe. In addition, most respondents were of the opinion that Nigerians living abroad are better off in the countries in which they reside in terms of economic opportunities (66 percent), financial stability (66 percent) and living conditions (63 percent), however respondents also believe that Nigerian migrants living in these foreign countries are worse off with regards to social interaction. Finally, most Nigerians (74 percent) acknowledged awareness of the recent attacks on foreigners in South Africa, with a majority of the respondents (35 percent) suggesting that the Federal Government should ‘advise citizens to come back home’, while, other respondents recommended a ‘diplomatic dialogue’ (25 percent) would secure Nigerians living in South Africa. In addition, 17 percent of respondents believe that ‘employment creation’ in Nigeria would reduce the migration of Nigerians to South Africa amongst other suggestions Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week of 27th April 2015. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise – within a range of plus or minus 3%. NOIPolls Limited, No1 for country specific polling services in West Africa, works in technical partnership with the Gallup Organisation (USA). We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact The Editor Email: editor@noi-polls.com [1] http://www.unhcr.org/542c07e39.pdf [2]http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603013-why-so-many-africans-still-risk-their-lives-reach-europe-no-wonder-they-still

Abuja, Nigeria. 15th August 2023 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed that 63 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide disclosed they are willing to relocate to other countries if given an opportunity. Interestingly, more youths, respondents within the age bracket 18 – 35 years (73 percent), formed the largest group with a willingness to migrate. In addition, findings revealed the search for greener pasture (60 percent) is the major drive for migration, followed by education (32 percent). In the same vein, 3 percent cited insecurity as the reason why they would like to migrate to foreign countries. These buttresses the revelations made by premium times newspaper, in a publication of October 3, 2022, which reported that unemployment has pushed more people under the poverty line, with youths primarily affected, coupled with heightened insecurity in the country. Download report here Further analysis by geographical locations clearly showed that the South-East zone (74 percent) accounts for the highest proportion of Nigerians willing to migrate to other countries if given the opportunity. This is closely followed by the South-South (70 percent) and South-West zone (63 percent). More findings revealed that most adult Nigerians (50 percent), believe that Nigerians living abroad have better living conditions. Similarly, (54 percent) are of the opinion that those living in foreign countries are better off in terms of opportunities compared to Nigerians at home. Further analysis shows that a considerable proportion (52 percent) assert that Nigerians living in foreign countries are better off financially. With regards to recommendations on how the Federal Government can reduce the migration rate, findings revealed that 64 percent want the government to create jobs, 29 percent advised the government to tackle insecurity, and 26 percent proposed the provision of basic amenities. Additionally, 25 percent want the government to reduce inflation, while 14 percent recommended the creation of better working conditions, 11 percent want the government to improve the welfare of citizens and 12 percent suggest improvement of healthcare services, economy, and electricity. However, just a few respondents (1 percent) want the government to open the borders. These are some of the key findings from the Migration Poll conducted in the week commencing 4th of July 2023. Survey Background Migration is the “movement of people from one country, place or locality to another’’[1]. Thus, migration itself is as old as time hence the reasons people move notwithstanding. In Nigeria, citizens are leaving the country in their droves. One could quickly tell from the numerous ‘’Japa’’ announcements on social media, particularly on the X app[2]. The recent wave of Nigerians relocating out of the country represents the largest movement of people out of the country since the end of the civil war, over fifty years ago. A cross-section of Nigerians, mostly youth, are scrambling to relocate to some other country where they can find employment, security, and contentment.[3] What is significant is the profile of those who are relocating, they are primarily skilled workers mostly doctors, nurses, IT engineers, university lecturers, and technicians. They also include people who completed their studies abroad and opted to stay back because our country has nothing to offer them regarding jobs, opportunities, or even basic safety.[4] Some of them have been educated in elite universities at home and abroad. This demographic is more devastating for our national developmental prospects. A recent research survey from the PEW Research Centre reveals that about 45% of Nigeria’s adult population plans to relocate to another country within five years. Nigerians are ranked highest among people who desperately want to relocate to some other country.[5] The Nigerian government appears unperturbed by the outbound migration of its professionals and young people. The number of passports issued by the Nigeria Immigration Service rose 38% between 2020 and 2021. This increased from 767,164 to 1,059,607 passports granted in 2020 and 2021, respectively. This indicates that more people are planning to move out of the country. In terms of policies and actions, the government is not putting anything in place to stem this tide, it rather seems that the government has an alternative view of this mass exit.[6] Against this background, NOIPolls surveyed to feel the pulse of citizens regarding migration in Nigeria and hereby presents its findings. Survey Findings The first question sought to measure the opinion of adult Nigerians on the trend of migration in the last 5 years, thus posing the question ‘Do you have any family member that has relocated to another country in the last 2 years or between 3 – 5 years?’. Findings revealed a larger proportion of respondents (73 percent) disclosed that they do not have any family member that has relocated out of the country within the last five years. However, 27 percent of the respondents answered in the affirmative. The South-east zone has the highest number of respondents (38 percent) who made this assertion. Interestingly, respondents who disclosed having family members that have relocated to other countries within the last 5 years were further probed. Findings revealed the majority (60 percent) attributed the search for greener pastures as the reason why their family member relocated. This implies there are limited or no opportunities for Nigerians to thrive in the country. Other reasons mentioned include educational purpose (32 percent), work/business (3 percent), and insecurity (3 percent) amongst others. It was striking to note some Nigerians relocated because of marriage and pleasure (1 percent apiece). Subsequently, respondents were further probed to know the type of work their family members were doing before they relocated abroad. The poll result showed that the majority of those who relocated (18 percent) are unemployed. This is followed by those who mentioned business (13 percent) and artisans (13 percent). Other mentions include student, public sector/civil service, and medical personnel (9 percent) respectively, financial sector (8 percent), and self-employed (7 percent). In addition, the survey sought to know the type of jobs Nigerians who relocated within the last five years are doing in their new country of residence. Poll results clearly showed that most Nigerians (13 percent) are doing medical jobs abroad, while (10 percent) do menial jobs. Interestingly, a larger proportion of respondents interviewed (29 percent) either do not know or refused to disclose the type of job their family member(s) who relocated abroad. Moreover, when asked if they think Nigerians who relocated to foreign/other countries are better off, the same or worse off in terms of living conditions, opportunities, financial stability and social interactions when compared to home, survey findings show half of the respondents polled (50 percent) believe Nigerians living abroad have better “Living Conditions” as against (6 percent) who think the living conditions are same and (25 percent) who believe it is worse off. However, most Nigerians (54 percent) are of the opinion those living in foreign countries are better off in terms of “Opportunities” compared to Nigeria. Respondents who think the opportunities are the same are (5 percent), while 24 percent believe they are worse off. Similarly, findings showed that a considerable proportion (52 percent) asserted that Nigerians living in foreign countries are better off “Financially”, 7 percent believe there is no difference and 23 percent claim they are worse off. On “Social Interactions”, 42 percent of respondents interviewed asserted that Nigerians abroad are better off, 8 percent believe they are the same as opposed to 30 percent who think they are worse off compared to those in Nigeria. Furthermore, it was intriguing to see majority of Nigerians (63 percent) disclosed they are willing to relocate to another country if given the opportunity. However, 32 percent stated otherwise. Analysis on geopolitical zones shows the South-East Zone (74 percent) accounts for the highest proportion of Nigerians who expressed willingness to migrate to other countries if given the opportunity. This is closely followed by South-South zone (70 percent) and South-West zone (63 percent). Interestingly, respondents within the age bracket 18 – 35yrs (73 percent), mostly youths, form the largest opinion on willingness to migrate. On the contrary, respondents who opined they are not willing to relocate if the opportunity comes are from North-Central (40 percent), North-West (38 percent) and North-East zone (35 percent). Respondents with this opinion were the elderly, within the age category of 61 and above (63 percent). For respondents who disclosed they are willing to migrate to foreign countries if given the opportunity were probed for reasons, 22 percent disclosed that they would like to leave to get a better education, just to leave Nigeria (19 percent), while 13 percent disclosed to seek better job opportunities. Others include, they feel more secure relocating to other countries (12 percent). On the flip side, Nigerians who stated they will not be willing to relocate cited financial constraints (45 percent) as their reason. While 32 percent see their age as a barrier, 7 percent believe that there is no place like home, preference to settle in Nigeria, and love for the country (6 percent) respectively amongst others mentioned. Recommendation on how the Federal Government can reduce the rate of migration, majority of Nigerians (64 percent) suggested creating job opportunities, tackling insecurity (29 percent), provision of basic amenities (26 percent). Additionally, 25 percent proposed reducing inflation, creating better working conditions (14 percent) and improving the welfare of the people (11 percent) amongst others. Worthy of note, (1 percent) want the government to open the nation’s borders that are closed with other countries. Conclusion In conclusion, results show that (27 percent) of Nigerians have family members who have relocated to foreign countries in the last five years, with 60 percent revealing their family members left in search for greener pastures abroad. It is also worthy of note that 18 percent of Nigerians reported that their family members were unemployed before they left the country. Additionally, 63 percent of Nigerians disclosed they will be willing to relocate if an opportunity comes citing the need for better education (22 percent) and security (12 percent) as top reasons. To stem the tide of migration, majority of Nigerians suggest the government should create jobs (64 percent), tackle insecurity (29 percent), provide basic amenities (26 percent). Others want the government to reduce inflation (25 percent), create better working conditions (14 percent), improve the welfare of citizens (11 percent) as well as improving healthcare services, economy, and electricity (4 percent each). Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing 4th of July 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/migration [2] https://pay4me.app/blog/106/how-to-japa-from-nigeria/ [3] https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/09/18/help-our-future-is-relocating [4] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/557517-exodus-of-the-next-generation-time-for-real-concern-by-dakuku-peterside.html [5] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/557517-exodus-of-the-next-generation-time-for-real-concern-by-dakuku-peterside.html [6] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/557517-exodus-of-the-next-generation-time-for-real-concern-by-dakuku-peterside.html

Abuja, Nigeria. June 20, 2023 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed that 62 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide disclosed that they do not know the causes of cancer disease. However, 14 percent attributed the cause to eating of canned food, while 7 percent said it is caused by poor hygiene among other causes mentioned. More findings revealed that most adult Nigerians (77 percent) believe that cancer disease is prevalent in the country and 28 percent disclosed that they or a family member have suffered from the ailment. For instance, on July 11, 2021, Nigeria’s rapper-songwriter Olanrewaju Fasasi, popularly known as Sound Sultan, lost his long-fought battle with throat cancer at the age of 44[1]. According to the National Cancer Control Plan (2018–2022), cancer is responsible for 72,000 deaths in Nigeria every year, with an estimated 102,000 new cases of cancer annually[2]. With regards to recommendations on how the Federal Government can assist those suffering from cancer ailment, 47 percent advised that the Federal Government should provide centres for free cancer screening. Other suggestions include making cancer drugs cheaper for patients (27 percent), creation of awareness for cancer disease (17 percent), making the equipment for cancer treatment readily available (16 percent) and subsidizing treatment of cancer (12 percent). These are some of the key findings from the Cancer Poll conducted in the week commencing May 8th, 2023. Background Cancer is a general term for a large cluster of ailments that can affect any part of the human body. Other similar terms used are malignant tumours and neoplasms[3]. One major feature of cancer is the speedy creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade contiguous parts of the body and spread to other organs; the latter process is referred to as metastasis. Widespread metastasis is the primary cause of death from cancer[4]. Cancer is caused by alteration of normal cells into tumour cells in a multi-stage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour[5]. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person's genetic factors and three categories of external agents which include physical, chemical, and biological carcinogens[6]. More so, some cancers are caused by infections which include human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis which are responsible for roughly around 30 percent of cancer cases in low-and middle -income countries[7]. According to WHO statistics, cancer is the leading cause of death all over the world resulting in nearly 10 million deaths in 2020 or nearly one in six deaths[8]. The most common cancers that occur in human include breast, lungs, colon, rectum, and prostate cancers. Additionally, one-third of deaths caused by cancer are due to tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake and lack of physical activities[9]. In Nigeria, an estimated 72,000 cancer deaths occur annually, and 102,000 new cases are diagnosed from its population of 200 million people[10]. Against this background, NOIPolls conducted a survey to gauge the perception of Nigerians regarding cancer disease and hereby presents its findings. Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge citizen’s perception on the prevalence of cancer disease in the country. The survey result revealed that most adult Nigerians nationwide believe that cancer disease is prevalent in the country as disclosed by 77 percent of the proportion polled. On the other hand, 18 percent of the respondents stated otherwise. Furthermore, respondents were asked if they or any member of their family has suffered from cancer ailment, and findings showed that 28 percent of the respondents acknowledged they or a family member had suffered from the ailment. The South-East zone (40 percent) accounted for the highest number of respondents who made this assertion. On the contrary, 72 percent of the respondents reported that they or members of their family have not suffered from cancer ailment in the past. Interestingly, the survey revealed most adult Nigerians nationwide do not know the causes of cancer aliment as asserted by 62 percent of those interviewed. Similarly, 14 percent of the respondents attributed the cause of cancer to eating canned food, 7 percent mentioned poor hygiene. Other causes cited include unhealthy food/bad diet (6 percent), hereditary (6 percent), smoking (3 percent), using of bleaching cream as well as keeping money inside the brassiere (1 percent). Subsequently, when asked about the symptoms of cancer aliment, 27 percent stated lump growths, while those who mentioned tommy/back pain and unexplainable weight loss had 8 percent apiece. Other symptoms cited include swelling of affected area, feeling tired and unwell (7 percent each), itchy/yellow skin (5 percent), and nose bleeding amongst others. The survey further revealed that a larger proportion (61 percent) of adult Nigerians believe that cancer aliment is curable. Analysis by gender shows more male respondents (66 percent) than female respondents (57 percent) believe that cancer ailment can be cured. A closer look at the disaggregation by age-group reveals more respondents between the ages of 36 – 60 years accounted for those who believe that cancer ailment can be cured. On the contrary, while 24 percent of the respondents disclosed that cancer cannot be cured, while 15 percent of the respondent do not know if the ailment can be cured or not. On recommendations how the Federal Government can assist those suffering from cancer ailment, findings revealed that 47 percent suggested that the government should provide centers for free cancer screening, 27 percent advised government should make the drugs cheaper for patients, 17 percent proposed the creation of awareness of cancer disease. Additionally, 16 percent want the government to make the equipment for cancer treatment readily available while 12 percent recommended the treatment of cancer should be subsidized. Conclusion In conclusion, findings have shown that 77 percent of Nigerians believe that cancer disease is prevalent in the country with 28 percent further disclosing they or a family member has suffered from the ailment. It is also worthy to note that 62 percent of Nigerians reported that they do not know the causes of cancer disease. Though, 14 percent attributed the cause to eating of canned food, 7 percent stated it is caused by poor hygiene. Although 61 percent of Nigerians believe that cancer can be cured, 47 percent recommended the federal government should provide centres for free cancer screening as well as making cancer drugs cheaper for patients indicated by 27 percent of those interviewed. Finally, the Ministry of Health and stakeholders in the health sector should synergize and establish a national cancer screening program that can mandate the populace to cancer screening whenever they visit any public health facility. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing May 8th, 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/cancer-rate-why-nigeria-s-healthcare-remains-in-icu-despite-big-policies-52735 [2] https://www.content.oncopadi.com/cancer-statistics-in-nigeria-2020/ [3] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer [4] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735062/ [6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735062/ [7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735062/ [8] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer [9] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer [10] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

Abuja, Nigeria. January 24th, 2023 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed that about 43.7 million (41 percent) adult Nigerians nationwide claimed that they have not physically seen the new redesigned naira notes since it was launched on December 15th, 2022. With the deadline for the phasing out of the old naira denominations of ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000 by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) fast approaching, a cross-section of Nigerians across the country have lamented the scarcity of the new naira notes. For instance, news report revealed that traders at the popular Balogun Market in Lagos have raised concerns over the continued scarcity of the new naira notes despite CBN’s assurance of the availability of the new naira through money deposit banks. Furthermore, it is gratifying to note that almost all (98 percent) adult Nigerians nationwide expressed awareness of the redesigned Naira notes by the apex bank. This response cuts across gender, geographical locations, and age-groups with a minimum representation of 97 percent. Similarly, awareness on the deadline for when the old Naira notes (₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000) ceases to be a legal tender was gauged and the poll result revealed that 74 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide are mindful of the deadline. On the contrary, 26 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide claimed they are unaware of the January 31st deadline. With regards to support, majority of adult Nigerians (65 percent) stated categorically that they are not in support of the January 31st deadline as announced by the CBN. The top three reasons given were; the new notes are scares and bank ATMs are still dispensing old notes (44 percent), the deadline is too short (33 percent) and the deadline will negatively affect businesses in the country. On the other hand, 32 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide are in support of the January 31st deadline and the top three reasons mentioned for their support are as follows; they believe it is government policy and they must comply with it (52 percent), the policy is good to usher in the new year (17 percent) and that the time is enough for people to deposit their old Naira notes in the bank (10 percent). More findings from the poll revealed that some of the challenges Nigerians are facing in meeting the January 31st deadline include a significant scarcity of the new notes (40 percent), issuance of old notes in banks and ATMs (8 percent) and understanding the cashless policy (6 percent). Amidst these challenges, the CBN has emphasised that there will be no extension after the January 31st, 2023, deadline. Therefore, citizens are advised to ensure they deposit all the ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000 banknotes in their possession before the deadline of January 31st, 2023, as disclosed by 42 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide. These are some of the key findings from the New Naira Note Poll conducted in the week commencing January 9th, 2023. Background On the 16th of October 2022, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) announced their intention to redesign the ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000 notes to new ones and stated that the old notes will cease to be a legal tender by 31st January 2023. The apex bank through the Governor, Mr. Godwin Emefiele cited numerous reasons for the need to redesign the naira notes and these reasons include inflation problems, currency counterfeiting, insecurity, currency circulation and other issues plaguing the country’s currency entirely. In terms of currency circulation, the apex bank further adduced that as at the end of September 2022, information available showed that out of the 3.2 trillion which supposed to be in circulation, a staggering 2.73 trillion is circulating outside the coffers of commercial banks nationwide which means 84 percent of the money in circulation is outside the banking system. The CBN further stated that even though currency circulation has increased from 1.46 trillion in 2015 to 3.2 trillion as at September 2022, currency circulation outside the banking system has also increased tremendously. The CBN expressed displeasure over this worrisome trend and decided to nip the issue in the bud as it has sapped the energy out of the economy and taken same to a comatose stage[1]. As the deadline approaches for the old notes to cease circulation and amidst the scarcity of the new naira notes, many citizens are locked in the dilemma of the workability of introduction of the new naira notes. Many banks across the country still dispense old naira notes from their ATM and hardly issue new naira notes as the deadline edges even closer. Also, the issue of withdrawal limit and cashless policy of the central bank where individuals can withdraw ₦500,000 while cooperate accounts have ₦5,000,000 as their withdrawal limits weekly has generated debates and arguments nationwide[2]. Amidst the challenges, hues and cries regarding the new naira notes and weekly withdrawal limits, it remains to be seen if the apex bank will rise to the occasion or Nigerians will continue to groan under the new policy. Against this backdrop, NOIPolls conducted a public opinion poll to feel the pulse of Nigerians regarding the new Naira notes. Survey Findings The first question sought to measure awareness on the redesign of ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000 notes by the CBN across Nigeria. It is gratifying to note that almost all (98 percent) adult Nigerians nationwide are aware of some Naira notes redesign by the apex bank of Nigeria. This response cuts across gender, geographical locations, and age-groups with a minimum representation of 97 percent. Subsequently, when respondents were asked if they have physically seen or used any of the new Naira notes, about 6 in 10 (59 percent) adult Nigerians nationwide admitted they have physically seen or transacted business with the new notes. This statement cuts across gender, regions, and age-groups with at least 52 percent representation. On the contrary, 41 percent of adult Nigerians claimed they are yet to physically see or use the new naira notes for business transactions. Furthermore, 59 percent of the Nigerians who mentioned that they have physically seen or transacted business with new notes were further probed to ascertain the denomination they have transacted business with. The responses revealed that 38 percent acknowledged that they have transacted business with the ₦1,000 note. While 26 percent mentioned the ₦500 note, 13 percent indicated that it is the ₦200 note. Although 8 percent stated that they have not transacted business with any of the notes, 15 percent confirmed that they have transacted business with all the three new redesigned notes. Consequently, awareness on the deadline when the old Naira notes (₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000) ceases to be a legal tender was asked and the poll result revealed that 74 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide are mindful of the deadline. On the contrary, 26 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide claimed that they are not aware of the January 31st deadline. With regards to support on the deadline, 65 percent of adult Nigerians stated categorically that they are not in support of the January 31st deadline as announced by the CBN. This view cuts across gender, geo-political zones, and age-group with at least 55 percent representation. On the other hand, 32 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide are in support of the January 31st deadline announced by the CBN. In addition, a paltry 3 percent of the respondents had mix feelings as they were either in support or against the deadline. Respondents were further probed and of the 32 percent who were in support of the January 31st deadline, the top three reason mentioned for their support are as follows; they believe it is government policy and they must comply with it (52 percent), the policy is good to usher in the new year (17 percent) and that the time is enough for people to deposit their old Naira notes (10 percent) amongst other reasons. Also, of the 65 percent did not support the deadline, the top three reasons given are as follows; that the new notes are scares and bank ATMs are still dispensing old notes (44 percent), that the deadline is too short (33 percent) and the deadline will negatively affect businesses amongst other responses. When respondents were asked: what are you doing to meet up with the January 31st deadline? Irrespective of the views of Nigerians of the deadline, 42 percent of adult Nigerians disclosed that they will ensure that they submit all the old Naira notes (₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000) before the deadline. On the flipside, 32 percent of the respondents stated that may likely not do anything. Other responses include adjusting to the new withdrawal limit (7 percent), activating online banking platform (3 percent), and learning more about the cashless policy (3 percent). Regarding difficulty faced on meeting the deadline, while 40 percent mentioned that they are having challenges in obtaining the new Naira notes, 39 percent are of the view that they are not facing any challenges. In conclusion, the poll results have shown that with the deadline for the phasing out of the old naira denominations of ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1,000 by the CBN fast approaching, a significant cross-section of Nigerians across the country have lamented over the scarcity of the new notes as they are yet to physically see or transact business with the new redesigned naira notes. Although the apex bank has stressed that there will be no extension after the January 31st, 2023, deadline, majority of adult Nigerians stated categorically that they are not in support of the January 31st deadline as announced by the CBN mainly due to scarcity of the new notes. Therefore, citizens are advised to ensure they deposit all the ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1, 000 banknotes in their possession before the deadline of January 31st, 2023, as disclosed by 42 percent of adult Nigerians surveyed. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing January 9th, 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls’ current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 – 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://punchng.com/nigerians-receive-new-naira-notes-with-mixed-feelings/ [2] https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-cbn-increases-weekly-cash-withdrawal-limit-for-individuals-to-n500k

Abuja, Nigeria. May 23rd, 2023 – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed ownership of fixed pre-paid metering is limited to only 37 per cent of the electricity customers in Nigeria. The rest of the customers are divided among those who use post-paid meters and those who do not have a meter, but simply pay fixed amounts of money for electricity. Being the most efficient way to distribute electricity, usage of pre-paid meters is highest in the North-East zone and lowest in the South-East zone. Further findings revealed that among all respondents, those paying amounts within the band of ₦1,000 – ₦5,000 per month represent the largest group of users (44 per cent). More findings showed that on average, most electricity customers around the country (68 per cent) have a power supply for less than 9 hours per day including 5 per cent that have no electricity supply at all. In addition, when respondents were asked if they are willing to pay more to get 24 hours of electricity, findings revealed that most of the respondents (67 per cent) expressed willingness to pay more for a steady electricity supply in their respective households. Therefore, while further reforms of the electricity sector are imminent, it is essential to further develop the private energy market and improve accountability in the sector. Also, given that 43 per cent of the respondents disclosed that they do not have pre-paid meters, it is therefore pertinent that stakeholders responsible for the distribution and installation ensure that all electricity users have pre-paid meters in their households. These are some of the key findings from the Electricity Poll conducted in the week commencing May 1st, 2023. Background Nigeria’s electricity problem has a perennial and teething problem that has gone on unabated for years without the requisite solution in sight[1]. As a result, Nigerians have continued to grope in darkness due to the challenges bedevilling the power sector in the country. According to World Bank statistics, 85 million Nigerians do not have access to grid electricity[2]. This is a staggering figure considering the country’s estimated population of 200 million people and makes Nigeria a country with the largest energy access deficit in the world. The lack of reliable power is a substantial constraint for citizens and businesses, resulting in annual economic losses estimated at $26.2 billion (₦10.1 trillion) which is equivalent to about 2 per cent of the GDP[3]. According to the 2020 World Bank Doing Business report, Nigeria ranks 171 out of 190 countries in getting electricity and its access is seen as one of the major constraints for the private sector[4]. Additionally, according to reports, 8 out of 10 Nigerians lack access to 10 hours of power supply[5]. This means that most households and businesses do not have access to electricity for up to 10 hours. This has made doing business in the country increasingly difficult as most companies incur additional costs to have access to electricity through generating plants. Also, the unavailability and high cost of diesel, and petrol have further compounded woes and increased prices of goods in the market[6]. Furthermore, in a bid to x-ray the challenges confronting the electricity sector, a whole lot of challenges were unearthed, and they include lack of investment, power losses over long distances, need for grid modernization, corruption in the power sector, and terrorist attacks[7] therefore, needs to be tackled head-on if there will be any significant progress in the power sector. Against this background, NOIPolls surveyed to feel the pulse of Nigerians regarding this critical sector of the economy and hereby presents its findings. Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge the proportion of electricity consumers nationwide who are connected to the national grid and the survey findings showed that 94 percent of the respondents claimed that they are connected to the national grid. Responses cut across gender, geopolitical zones, and age-group with a minimum representation of 91 per cent. However, 6 per cent claimed that they are not connected to the national grid. Subsequently, respondents were asked if they have electricity meters in their houses and the poll result revealed that almost 6 in 10 (57 per cent) of respondents acknowledged they have electricity meters in their respective houses. The South-West (67 per cent) zone had the larger proportion of respondents with this assertion. On the other hand, 43 per cent of those connected to the national grid disclosed that they do not have an electricity meter in their houses. Out of the 43 per cent of respondents not metered, 62 per cent claimed that they pay for electricity bills by estimation or direct billing by PHCN. Similarly, while 21 per cent stated that they use a generator to power their houses, 14 per cent mentioned they use solar power as an alternative source of electricity supply. Interestingly, 3 per cent disclosed that they do not use any form of electricity supply in their houses. On the other hand, out of the 57 per cent who indicated that they have an electricity meter, 65 per cent (representing 37 per cent of all the respondents) disclosed that they use prepaid meters. Analysis by geo-political zones showed that the North-East zone had more consumers who mentioned that they use prepaid meters in their respective households. Also, 33 per cent claimed that they use the post-paid meter in their household and respondents from the South-East zone had the larger proportion of respondents (44 per cent) who made this assertion. Furthermore, when respondents were asked to state the amount they spend on electricity consumption in their household per month, the findings showed that 44 percent of the respondents stated they spend between ₦1,000 and ₦5,000. A closer look at the geopolitical zones indicated that the North-West (52 per cent) and the South-West (49 per cent) zones had more respondents who pay between ₦1,000 and ₦5,000 per month. Further analysis on consumption revealed that amongst respondents within the pay band of ₦1,000 and ₦5,000, respondents who do not have an electricity meter (57 per cent) pay the highest amount due to estimated billing. Similarly, while 47 per cent of respondents who have a post-paid meter stated that they pay within a band of ₦1,000 and ₦5,000, 46 per cent of pre-paid respondents also pay the same amount. In comparing the amount paid for electricity vis-a-vis the consumption, most respondents (69 per cent) reported that the amount they spend on electricity bills is not commensurate with their consumption. This assertion cuts across gender, geopolitical zones, and age-group with a minimum representation of 62 per cent. On the contrary, 18 per cent claimed that the amount they pay is commensurate with their consumption. The poll also sought to know on average, the hours of cumulative power supply electricity consumers receive daily. Findings revealed that 68 per cent of Nigerians get 1 – 9 hours out of 24hrs of power supply. The poll further revealed that 15 per cent receive 10 – 15 hours, 4 per cent have 15 – 20 hours of electricity daily, and 4 per cent of respondents mentioned that they get between 20 – 23 hours daily. Interestingly, the analysis also showed that only 1 per cent of electricity consumers in the country claimed to have 24 hours of electricity supply. On the flip side, 3 per cent stated that they receive less than 1 hour of power supply in a day, while 5 per cent reported a total blackout in 24 hours. When respondents were asked if they are willing to pay more to get 24 hours of electricity, findings revealed that the majority of respondents (67 per cent) affirmed that they are willing to pay more for a steady electricity supply. The North-West (76 per cent) zone accounted for the larger number of electricity consumers who said they will be willing to pay more to get 24 hours of electricity. Also, respondents within the age bracket 18 – 35 years (71 per cent) are willing to pay more for electricity. On the contrary, 23 per cent of respondents stated they will not be willing to pay more to get 24 hours of power supply. Conclusion The poll has shown that ownership of pre-paid meters is low as only 37 per cent of electricity customers in Nigeria have access to it. This implies that the rest of the customers are divided among those who use postpaid meters and those who do not have a meter. With regards to the cumulative hours of electricity supply, on average, 68 per cent of electricity customers around the country have a power supply for less than 9 hours per day including 5 per cent that have no electricity supply at all. In addition, most electricity customers (44 per cent) pay within the band of ₦1,000 – ₦5,000 per month while 24 per cent pay within the band of ₦6,000 – ₦51000 monthly. Nonetheless, 67 per cent disclosed they are willing to pay more for a steady electricity supply in their respective households. Finally, stakeholders in the electricity sector are advised to synergize and develop the electricity sector as 67 per cent are willing to pay more to have 24 hours electricity supply in their households. Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing May 1st, 2023. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com. Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking. Press Contact Email: editor@noi-polls.com cakubue@noi-polls.com nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162 +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://punchng.com/92-million-nigerians-lack-access-to-electricity-worst-globally-report/ [2] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/02/05/nigeria-to-improve-electricity-access-and-services-to-citizens [3] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/02/05/nigeria-to-improve-electricity-access-and-services-to-citizens [4] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/02/05/nigeria-to-improve-electricity-access-and-services-to-citizens [5] https://nairametrics.com/2023/02/05/how-much-does-nigeria-need-to-get-24-7-electricity/ [6] https://nairametrics.com/2023/02/05/how-much-does-nigeria-need-to-get-24-7-electricity/ [7] https://fuergy.com/blog/7-problems-and-challenges-of-a-power-grid

Executive Summary World Malaria Day (WMD) is observed April 25th every year. The day is aimed to spread awareness about malaria disease, take urgent action in the control of the deadly disease, and promote efforts to prevent malaria. In commemoration of World Malaria Day, NOIPolls conducted a new public opinion poll on Malaria disease. The poll result revealed that slightly more than 9 in 10 Nigerians (91 percent) think that malaria is one of the most worrisome health challenges in the country. This assertion cuts across gender, geographical locations, and age groups with at least 87 percent representation. According to the 2021 World Malaria Report, Nigeria had the highest number of global malaria cases (27% of global malaria cases) and the highest number of deaths (32% of global malaria deaths) in 2020.[1] In addition, Nigeria accounted for an estimated 55.2% of malaria cases in West Africa in 2020.[2] With regards to the malaria burden in the country, the poll has quantified just how pervasive malaria disease is, with as many as 7 in 10 (71percent) Nigerians revealing they had treated malaria in the past three (3) months. To further corroborate this finding, the World Malaria Report revealed that cases of malaria in Nigeria have increased to 5.3% between 2017 and 2020, from 298 to 314 per 1000 of the population at risk. Deaths increased by 4.7%, from 0.92 to 0.97 per 1000 of the population at risk during that same period.[3] Furthermore, respondents were asked what they do when they have symptoms of malaria and the poll findings showed that 41 percent of respondents go to the hospital for treatment, 22 percent said they go to a chemist and 21 percent visit a pharmacy when they develop symptoms of malaria. Interestingly, 11 percent of the respondents disclosed that they take herbs to cure themselves of malaria; 7 percent mentioned that they buy malaria drug while 1 percent claimed that they go to meet their Pastors or Imams. Regarding the most common medications used by the Nigerian populace for the treatment of malaria, the study found that 29 percent of Nigerians use Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria (e.g., Coartem, Amartem, Lonart and Lumartem). This is followed by 12 percent of Nigerians who use Artemether medication to treat malaria. Additionally, 7 percent of the populace use Paracetamol, while 4 percent use Artesunate for malaria treatment. Alarmingly, the study also found that 1 percent of the Nigerian population uses herbs as medication for the treatment of malaria. Conclusively, Nigerians mostly use medications containing Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria. Given the findings from this poll, it is pertinent for the government and other donor agencies to tackle malaria disease swiftly by putting in the needed resources for combatting the scourge. Malaria control in Nigeria will cease to be a mirage and become a reality with a bit more strategic and prioritized effort. For instance, the R21 malaria vaccine was approved domestically, in Nigeria, by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). Mrs. Adeyeye, the Director-General of NAFDAC disclosed that the vaccine is indicated for the prevention of malaria in children from 5-36 months of age and that Nigeria expects to get a minimum of 100,000 doses of the vaccine in donations before market authorization would plan with the National Primary Health Care Development Agency.[4] 2.0 Background and Objectives Every year, April 25th is observed as World Malaria Day (WMD) a day set aside the world over to commemorate and align with the efforts and commitment of stakeholders and instituted authorities towards the curbing and complete eradication of the malaria malaise which is ravaging lives all over the world. The year 2023 theme is Time to deliver zero malaria, invest, innovate, implement. Interestingly, within the theme of the year, WHO will focus on the third “I” – implement – which is critically important in reaching marginalized populations with tools and strategies that are available today. In addition, the day is also set aside to highlight the need for continued investment and sustained political commitment to malaria prevention and control for the greater population of the world. More so, the day further intimates the need to invest, innovate and implement eradication strategies to achieve a zero-malaria situation in the world considering the challenges the disease poses on human existence. The WHO statistics show that 619 000 malaria-related deaths were recorded in 2021 alone, also 247 million new cases of malaria were encountered in 2021. The statistics further show that 95 percent of all malaria cases are in the WHO African Region[5]. Nigeria has one of the highest malaria burdens in the world with an estimated 100 million cases, and over 300,000 deaths recorded yearly[6]. According to the 2019 World Malaria Report, Nigeria recorded the largest number of malaria cases, a fourth of the global malaria cases, and the highest number of deaths (24% of global malaria deaths)[7]. An effective vaccine against malaria has been in the offing since the 1960s. Vaccines help prevent the body from diseases by preparing the immune system to detect and fight diseases[8]. They do this by safely exposing the body to pathogens to enable the immune system to make antibodies that can ward off these harmful pathogens. The World Health Organization recently recommended the use of RTS,S malaria vaccine in children living in areas of high malaria burden, making RTS,S not only the first malaria vaccine, but the first vaccine against any human parasite[9]. However, results thus far show that the efficacy of the RTS,S vaccine (is about 30%, i.e. it prevents about a third of severe disease cases) is poor compared to other vaccines such as COVID-19 (95%), measles (97%), and poliomyelitis (99%). This may not be unconnected with the fact that when the parasite enters the body it goes to the liver first before entering the bloodstream, and there are not many vaccines available that can target the parasite at the bloodstream and the liver, amongst other factors[10]. A second malaria vaccine, the R21, shows greater promise than its predecessor, and is presently showing a higher efficacy of 77% against malaria, which is beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark of 75%. The R21 malaria vaccine was approved domestically, in Nigeria, by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). Mrs. Adeyeye, the Director-General of NAFDAC disclosed that the vaccine is indicated for the prevention of malaria in children from 5-36 months of age, and that Nigeria expects to get a minimum of 100,000 doses of the vaccine in donations, before market authorization would plan with the National Primary Health Care Development Agency[11]. Against this backdrop, NOIPolls conducted this survey to feel the pulse of Nigerians regarding malaria and hereby presents its findings[12]. 3.0 Survey Methodology The survey was conducted through telephone interviews in the week of April 4th. 2023. A proportionate random nationwide selected sample of 1,000 phone-owning Nigerians, 18 years and above, were interviewed across the six geopolitical zones in the country. This sample size provides a 95% confidence interval that the results obtained are within a range of plus or minus 4.65% of the opinions of the population. The interviews were conducted in English, Pidgin, Hausa, Igbo, or Yoruba. The use of several Nigerian languages reduces the likelihood of a non-response bias. 4.0 Demographic Distribution A total of 1,090 respondents were randomly selected for this survey. The survey was administered over the telephone in five languages, using a well-structured questionnaire. The demographic distribution of the respondents was analyzed by the following groups: gender, age group, geo-political zones, and occupation as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Gender: The proportion of male and female respondents was almost equal with 51 percent and 49 percent respectively. Age Group: The age group with the highest frequency in the survey was 36 – 60 (63 percent) and the lowest age group represented was 60+ (5 percent). Geo-Political Zone All geo-political zones were adequately represented in the survey, the highest represented zone is the North-West zone (24 percent) and the lowest is the South-East zone (12 percent). Occupation: The highest proportion of respondents surveyed were self-employed traders (37 percent); followed by government workers/civil servants (21 percent) and Artisans (9 percent). The lowest-represented occupation in the survey was Youth Corp Members with 1 percent. Figure 1: Demographic Distribution 5.0 Survey Results Respondents to the poll were asked fifteen specific questions. This section of the report presents findings from each question. 5.1 Perception of Malaria in Nigeria The first question gauged the perception of Nigerians nationwide on the malaria disease and the result revealed an overwhelming majority of Nigerians nationwide reported that malaria is one of the most worrisome health challenges in the country. This response cuts across gender, geographical locations, and age groups with a minimum representation of 87 percent. Figure 2: Perception of Malaria in Nigeria 5.2 Hospital visitation due to illness One in two (48 percent) of Nigerians disclosed that they had visited the hospital in the last three months because they were sick. Of this population, a larger proportion of males (51 percent) compared to females (45 percent) admitted to having visited the hospital in the last three months because they were sick. However, a slightly larger proportion (52 percent) admitted to not having visited the hospital as a result of being sick in the past three months. A proportion (54 percent) of elderly citizens aged 61 and above revealed they had visited the hospital because of illness, in the past three months. This age demographic visited the hospital the most, compared to the other age demographics. Figure 3: Hospital visitation due to illness A trend analysis comparing April 2021 with April 2023 data shows that the difference between the proportions of those who had visited the hospital due to illness and those who hadn’t in 2021 and 2023 is just one percentage point. In other words, the trend remained slightly the same over the period. Figure 4: Trend on hospital visitation due to illness 5.3 Perception of the diagnosed illness Furthermore, respondents who disclosed they had been to the hospital in the past three months were subsequently asked what ailment they were diagnosed with. Though more than one response was permitted per respondent, malaria was the most common (88 percent) ailment respondents were diagnosed with, and this was by a margin. The next most prevalent ailment was typhoid (32 percent). This was followed by hypertension (8 percent), and ulcers (5 percent) among others. Malaria was the most diagnosed ailment across gender, geo-political zone, and age groups. Figure 5: Perceptions of the diagnosed illness When comparing results from 2023 with 2021, the findings were about the same as Malaria was the most prevalently diagnosed ailment also in 2021 (83 percent). The same was also true for Typhoid (25 percent) in 2021. Figure 6: Trend on diagnosed illness. 5.4 Proportion of Nigerians who treated Malaria in the past three months. Survey results show that 1 in 2 respondents, or a member of their household had treated Malaria in the last three (3) months. Interestingly, a larger proportion of females (53 percent) revealed this than males (46 percent). This is poignant keeping in mind that Malaria is a leading cause of miscarriage, low birth weight, maternal anaemia, and maternal death.[13] The numbers were also considerably high given that the survey was conducted in April 2023 which is a few months after the seasonal peak period of malaria in Nigeria. The numbers would be expected to be higher if it were conducted then. Interestingly, the Northeast posted the lowest proportion (29 percent) of respondents who disclosed they had been treated for malaria in the last 3 months. This may have been attributable to changes in weather conditions. Lastly, a larger proportion of 18–35-year-olds (51 percent) and 36–60-year-olds (51 percent) treated malaria in the past three months compared with 61+-year-olds (37 percent). Figure 7: Proportion of Nigerians who treated Malaria in the past three months. Trend analysis shows more people (50 percent) admitted to having treated malaria in the past three months in 2023 than in 2021 (45 percent) hence revealing a growing trend. Figure 8: Trend on Nigerians who treated malaria in the past three months. In total, a large proportion of Nigerians (71 percent) disclosed that they have treated malaria within the past three (3) months. However, 28 percent stated otherwise. Figure 9: Proportion of Nigerian who have treated malaria. 5.5 Actions are taken when having symptoms of Malaria. Only about 4 in 10 (41 percent) of respondents disclosed that they go to the hospital when they experience symptoms of malaria, which indicates the health-seeking behavior of Nigerians is low, and it underscores the need for the provision of universal health coverage to ensure health care is accessible to everyone. The remainder of the population either visits a chemist (22 percent), or a pharmacy (21 percent), takes herbs (11 percent), buys drugs (7 percent), etc. Figure 10: Actions are taken when having symptoms of Malaria. Trend analysis shows that proper health-seeking behavior (i.e. visiting a hospital) declined, rather self-help behavior such as visiting a chemist, or a pharmacy store, or taking herbal remedies which aren’t apportioned in prescribed amounts increased between 2021 and 2023. Figure 11: Actions are taken when having symptoms of Malaria (Trend) 5.6 Proportion of Nigerians who do a Lab test for Malaria. Of the proportion who acknowledged visiting a hospital, a chemist, a pharmacy, or buying drugs, were subsequently asked if they ran a lab test to ascertain it was malaria. Most (72 percent) disclosed conducting a diagnostic test, whereas 18 percent reported self-diagnosis. Self-diagnosis seemed to be more prevalent in the southern geo-political zone compared with the northern geo-political zone. Figure 12: Proportion of Nigerians who do a Lab test for Malaria. 5.7 Drugs commonly used to treat Malaria. Regarding the most common medications used by the Nigerian populace for the treatment of malaria, the study found that 29 percent of Nigerians use Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria (e.g., Coartem, Amartem, Lonart and Lumartem). This is followed by 12 percent of Nigerians who use Artemether medication to treat malaria. Additionally, the study revealed that 7 percent of the populace use Paracetamol, while 4 percent use Artesunate for malaria treatment. Alarmingly, the study also found that 1 percent of the Nigerian population uses herbs as medication for the treatment of malaria, a practice that might not be safe. Conclusively, Nigerians mostly use medications containing Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of malaria. Figure 13: Drugs commonly used to treat Malaria. 5.8 Frequency in Treating Malaria in Nigeria Additionally, an assessment on how often Nigerians treat malaria revealed that 34 percent of respondents treat malaria "every two months", 28 percent of the citizenry treat malaria "twice a year”, 17 percent treat malaria "once a year" and 5 percent treat malaria every month. Figure 14: Frequency of treating Malaria in Nigeria 5.9 Ownership of Insecticides Treated Nets in Nigeria Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a form of personal protection that has been shown to reduce malaria illness, severe disease, and death in an endemic region[14]. The analysis of the survey results showed that 70 percent of Nigerians own and use ITNs in their homes while 30 percent of the population do not own ITNs. Analysis across geopolitical zones in Nigeria shows that the North-West region, at 85 percent, had the highest proportion of Nigerians that own and use ITNs, while the South-West accounted for the region with the lowest percentage at 54 percent. Figure 15: Ownership of insecticide-treated net in Nigeria. Analysis of trends on the ownership of ITNs in Nigeria revealed that the percentage of Nigerians that own insecticide-treated nets has decreased from 71 percent in April 2021 to 70 percent in April 2023 Figure 16: Ownership of insecticide-treated net in Nigeria (Trend) 5.10 Reason for not owning an insecticide-treated net. Subsequently, respondents who do not sleep under the treated net were further probed and findings showed that 26 percent stated that they are not comfortable under the net while 17 percent did not have any reason for not owning a treated net. Interestingly, 6 percent of the respondents disclosed they cannot afford to buy the net. Figure 17: Reason for not owning an insecticide-treated net. 5.11 Proportion of Nigerians who slept under the net. Similarly, of the 70 percent of Nigerians who claimed to own an insecticide-treated net, 71 percent stated that they slept inside the net the night before they were interviewed whereas 29 percent did not sleep under the net. Figure 18: Proportion of Nigerians who slept under the net. When the result obtained in 2021 is compared to that of 2023, it reveals a 4 percent increase in the number of Nigerians who slept under a treated net the night before they were interviewed. Figure 19: Proportion of Nigerians who slept under the net. 5.12 Reasons Given for not sleeping under the Net. For respondents who did not sleep under an insecticide-treated net were further probed findings showed top three reasons given by respondents for not sleeping under an insecticide-treated net include; hot weather (50 percent), having a well-netted house (14 percent) and not feeling comfortable sleep inside the net (13 percent). Figure 20: Reasons are given for not sleeping under the Net. 5.13 Awareness of the symptoms of malaria Consequently, Nigerians were asked about the symptoms of malaria and the top four symptoms mentioned were fever with shivering (45 percent), body pain (37 percent), headache (35 percent), and loss of appetite (29 percent) amongst other symptoms. Figure 21: Awareness of the symptoms of Malaria 5.14 Preventive Measures Taken by Nigerians against Contracting Malaria The study explored preventive measures taken by Nigerians to prevent contracting malaria, and results showed the top 5 measures were "sleeping inside a mosquito-treated net" (54 percent), "spraying insecticide routinely" (41 percent), "cleaning household surroundings" (28 percent), "drainage of stagnant water" (11 percent), and "clearing bushes and tall grasses near the household" (10 percent). Figure 22: Preventive Measures Taken by Nigeria against Contracting Malaria 5.15 Awareness Of RTS,S Malaria Vaccine The study revealed that 23 percent of Nigerians nationwide are aware of the RTS,S malaria vaccines; this indicates that only about 2 in 10 Nigerians are aware of the existence of the RTS,S malaria vaccine. On the contrary, 77 percent of Nigerians are not aware of the vaccine, which implies about 8 in 10 Nigerians nationwide are not aware of the vaccine. Figure 23: Awareness Of RTS,S Malaria Vaccine 5.16 Willingness to Get Vaccinated As regards the willingness of Nigerians to get vaccinated with the RTS,S malaria vaccine, analysis shows there is a high likelihood for the uptake of the malaria vaccine as the majority (87 percent) of Nigerians polled nationwide are willing to get vaccinated if the RTS, S vaccines were made available in Nigeria. Figure 24: Willingness to Get Vaccinated 6.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the survey shows that Malaria disease is pervasive with as many as 7 in 10 (71 percent) treating malaria in the past three months. However, only 41 percent of Nigerians go to the hospital when they experience malaria symptoms, highlighting the need for more widespread, universal health coverage. Nigerians are willing to take action to prevent the spread of malaria as most Nigerians (70 percent) admitted having an insecticide treated net (ITN), and although only about 1 in 5 Nigerians are aware of the vaccine, almost 9 in 10 (87 percent) Nigerians would be willing to get vaccinated against the disease. [1] World Health Organization (2021). World Malaria Report 2021 [2] World Health Organization (2021). World Malaria Report 2021 [3] World Health Organization (2021). World Malaria Report 2021 [4] Ileyemi, M. 2023. Hope for millions as Nigeria approves malaria vaccine. Premium Times 21st April 2023. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/593845-hope-for-millions-as-nigeria-approves-malaria-vaccine.html [5] https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2023 [6] Effiong et al. 2023. Prospects of malaria vaccination in Nigeria: Anticipated challenges and lessons from previous vaccination campaigns. Annals of Medicine & Surgery Published online 2022 Aug 17. [7] Effiong et al. 2023. Prospects of malaria vaccination in Nigeria: Anticipated challenges and lessons from previous vaccination campaigns. Annals of Medicine & Surgery Published online 2022 Aug 17. [8] Coelho, S. 2020. What is a vaccine? Types, stages for approval. Medical News Today https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-a-vaccine#how-do-they-work [9] Ouattara, A., Cohee, L.M., Lauffer, M.K. 2021. Why Have We Waited So Long for a Malaria Vaccine? Medscape [10] Ouattara, A., Cohee, L.M., Lauffer, M.K. 2021. Why Have We Waited So Long for a Malaria Vaccine? Medscape [11] Ileyemi, M. 2023. Hope for millions as Nigeria approves malaria vaccine. Premium Times 21st April, 2023. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/593845-hope-for-millions-as-nigeria-approves-malaria-vaccine.html [12] https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/topics/malaria/index.html [13] Kidanto H.L., Mogren I., Lindmark G., Massawe S., Nystrom L. Risks for preterm delivery and low birth weight are independently increased by severity of maternal anaemia. S. Afr. Med. J. 2009 Feb;99(2):98–102. [14] https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/itn.html#:~:text=Insecticide-treated%20bed%20nets%20(ITNs,to%20malaria%20in%20endemic%20regions.

Majority of Nigerians prefer democracy to any other kind of government, but fully half describe the country as a democracy with major problems, a new Afrobarometer study shows. Popular dissatisfaction with how Nigeria’s democracy is working continues to rise. Most Nigerians support elections as the best way to choose leaders but believe that elections don’t work well to ensure that voters’ views are reflected or to enable voters to remove leaders who don’t do what the people want. The country is preparing for general elections next year, its seventh since returning to democracy in 1999. Key findings Seven in 10 Nigerians (70%) say democracy is preferable to any other kind of government (Figure 1). But almost two-thirds (63%) of citizens describe the country as “a democracy with major problems” (50%) or “not a democracy” (13%), a 22-percentage-point increase since 2020 (Figure 2). And more than three-fourths (77%) of Nigerians say they are not satisfied with the way democracy works in the country. Dissatisfaction has increased by 20 percentage points since 2017 (Figure 3). More than seven in 10 Nigerians (71%) support elections as the best way to choose leaders (Figure 4). But 27% say that since elections sometimes produce bad results, the country should adopt other methods for choosing the country’s leaders (Figure 4) Most citizens believe that elections don’t work well to ensure voters’ views are reflected (70%) and don’t enable voters to remove leaders who don’t do what the people want (77%) (Figure 5). Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Eight survey rounds in up to 39 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 9 surveys (2021/2022) are currently underway. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-toface interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative sample of 1,600 adult citizens in March 2022. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2020. Charts Figure 1: Support for democracy | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Which of these three statements is closest to your own opinion? Statement 1: Democracy is preferable to any other kind of government. Statement 2: In some circumstances, a non-democratic government can be preferable. Statement 3: For someone like me, it doesn’t matter what kind of government we have. Figure 2: Extent of democracy | Nigeria | 2017-2022 Respondents were asked: In your opinion, how much of a democracy is Nigeria today? Figure 3: Satisfaction with democracy | Nigeria | 2017-2022 Respondents were asked: Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Nigeria? Figure 4: Popular support for elections | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Which of the following statements is closest to your view? Statement 1: We should choose our leaders in this country through regular, open, and honest elections. Statement 2: Since elections sometimes produce bad results, we should adopt other methods for choosing this country’s leaders. (% who “agree” or “strongly agree” with each statement) Figure 5: Efficacy of elections | Nigeria | 2022 Respondents were asked: Thinking about how elections work in practice in this country, how well do elections: Ensure that representatives to the National Assembly reflect the views of voters? Enable voters to remove from office leaders who do not do what the people want? For more information, please contact: NOIPolls Raphael Mbaegbu Telephone: +234 63292096 Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com Visit us online at www.afrobarometer.org. Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.