Search Results

Infographics: Source of Drinking Water Abuja, Nigeria. March 24, 2025  – In commemoration of World Water Day, which is held on the 22nd of March every year, NOIPolls conducted a public opinion poll to find out the views of Nigerians regarding access to water. The Poll result revealed that borehole water (39 percent) is the primary source of drinking water for households in Nigeria. This assertion was mostly from residents in the North-central region (46 percent). The survey result corroborates an Online publication of Vanguard News dated 20th of March 2023. According to the report, average families have returned to borehole water due to the rising cost of pure water (sachet water) [1] . Sachet water is a common form of selling pre-filtered or sanitised water in plastic, heat-sealed bags [2] . At inception, it was easy to buy a bag of sachet water, which contains 20 sachets, at a cost of N50 [3] . However, with the high cost of sachet water, average families are now wearing the I-don’t-care mask, to embrace drinking borehole water again [4] .Those without boreholes visit places where there are boreholes to fetch water at a cost of N50 per 25 litre, or for free [5] . Other sources of drinking water cited by respondents include sachet water (36 percent), ‘’tap water’’ (9 percent), ‘’well water ‘’ (7 percent), and ‘bottled water’ (6 percent) amongst others.   Unfortunately, more than half of Nigerian households (52 percent) reported that access to water is challenging, with most respondents coming from the North-Central region. This Finding corroborates the submission of Akinbode Oluwafemi, the Executive Director of CAPPA (Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa.) that In Nigeria alone, a staggering 113 million people suffer from painful hardship and crippling deprivation of water [6] . Across geo-political zones, findings also show that access to Tap water from the State Water Boards is abysmal with a majority (13%) of Nigerians from the North-East reporting Tap water as their main source of drinking water.   Moreso, findings show that only 33 percent of Nigerians admit that they treat water before drinking. When probed to ascertain the methods they employ in treating their water, the poll showed that more than half (51 percent) of Nigerian households disclosed that they boil the water. Similarly, 20 percent stated that they use other chemicals to make their drinking water safe. Other methods of treatment employed by the respondents include the use of a water guard (16 percent), water filter (7 percent) and just a handful (2 percent) who claim that the water is already treated.   Interestingly, most Nigerians (67 percent) do not treat their water in any form before drinking regardless of the source. This result corroborates Statista’s report on ‘ ’water treatment for safe drinking’’  in 2020 which revealed that in Nigeria, most households did not treat water for safe drinking [7] . In a survey conducted that year, 86 percent of Nigerian households declared not to treat water before drinking [8] . Water treatment could, among others, decrease the risk of diseases [9] .   Subsequently, the poll probed to know what illnesses are associated with unclean water. The result shows that typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments. This finding is in line with the Library of Science 2022 publication on ‘ ’ Availability of Drinking Water Source and the Prevalence of Diarrhoea among Nigerian Households’’ . According to the report, drinking contaminated water has been linked to the transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio [10] . Water contamination can occur through the means of a physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance [11] . Inadequate, or inappropriately managed water exposes individuals to preventable health risks [12] . Nigeria is the second-largest contributor to the worldwide under-five mortality rate from diarrhoea, with more than 151,700 deaths annually [13] . The absence of clean water, safely managed sanitation, and hygiene are responsible for almost 88% of the country’s disease burden [14]   Finally, when asked what should be done to address water scarcity in their community, a significant proportion (58 percent) of respondents want the government to provide more boreholes in their communities with the North-Central region (67 percent) having the highest number of respondents who stated this. Other suggestions include constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water 7 percent, and constant power supply (5 percent). These are some of the key findings from the Access to Water Poll  conducted in the week commencing March 10th, 2025.   Background Water is life is a very popular saying, and indeed Water is an essential part of human life, existence, and sustenance on earth [15] . According to research, water makes up about 71% of the earth's surface and similarly, 50-65% of the total human mass is also made up of fluid which is water [16] .   No doubt, water is the silent force that drives life, the invisible thread that ties humanity, nature, and existence itself [17] . Water is a precious natural resource [18] . We cannot imagine life without water [19] . Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes [20] .   Access to water is an indicator that represents the proportion of the population with reasonable access to a sufficient amount of drinking water [21] . According to the WHO, a sufficient amount of drinking water is at least 20 litres per inhabitant per day [22] . ‘Reasonable access’ is generally defined as having a drinking water supply less than fifteen minutes away from the place of residence on foot [23] . While we waste, others struggle [24] . Over 2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water [25] . For them, a drop is a dream. [26]   Sustainable Development Goal Target 6.1 aims to ensure universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. This goal is measured by the indicator of "safely managed drinking water services," which refers to water from an improved source that is accessible on-premises, available when needed, and free from faecal and harmful chemical contamination. However, the situation in Nigeria does not align with this SDG.  A report from the Punch Newspapers dated March 20, 2025, titled, “Dry Taps: A damning verdict on the attack of water utilities in Nigeria,” has shown that most of the major waterworks are functioning epileptically and far below-installed capacity. [27]  This raises concerns about the effectiveness and operations of the State Water Boards throughout Nigeria.   According to the World Health Organisation, 50% of malnutrition cases in children are due to the consumption of unsafe water [28] . More than half of the global population does not have access to safe sanitation services [29] . Considering that current funding for the Water Access, Sanitation and Hygiene sector (known as WASH in humanitarian circles) is wildly insufficient [30] , the implication is that millions of children who should have access to drinking water end up consuming untreated water, developing illnesses from it and dying [31] .   In Nigeria Only 10% of the population has access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services, 68 million people (33% of the population) lack access to basic drinking water services,171 million people (83% of the population) lack basic handwashing facilities [32] .  The UN-Water's flagship World Water Development Report 2025 highlights that water is facing severe threats due to a growing population, rising demands from agriculture and industry, and the ever-increasing effects of climate change. As Nigerians struggle to balance their competing demands on water resources, many other needs are being overlooked. The sad reality is that most Nigerians now live in areas experiencing water stress, where water demand surpasses the available supply. World Water Day is celebrated each year on 22 March to raise awareness of the 2.2 billion people living without access to safe water [33] . It is about taking action to tackle the global water crisis [34] . The theme of World Water Day 2025 is ‘Glacier Preservation’’ [35] . Glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate as the planet warms due to climate change, causing our frozen world to shrink and making the water cycle more unpredictable and extreme. Preserving glaciers is crucial for survival, hence we must work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and manage meltwater more sustainably for people and the planet [36] . This is because nearly 2 billion people rely on water from glaciers, snowmelt and mountain run-off for drinking, agriculture, and energy production [37] . Considering this, NOIPolls conducted a survey in observance of World Water Day to assess Nigerians' perceptions of their access to water. Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge the opinion of Nigerians regarding their primary source of water for daily use and the poll result revealed that 62 percent stated that their main source of water for household use is from boreholes.  The South-East zone had more respondents (82 percent). Other primary sources of water cited include Well water (19 percent) and tap (12 percent) amongst other sources. Daily Source of Water When asked if their source of water is within their household,59 percent answered in the affirmative with the South-West region (82 percent) having the highest proportion of respondents who made this assertion. On the other hand, 41 percent stated otherwise. Source of Water within Households Respondents (41 percent) who do not have water within their households were further asked how many minutes they travel by foot to get to their source of water. Findings show that the majority (72 percent) spend about 15 minutes. Those who spend about 30 minutes are 16 percent. 4 percent claim they spend about 45 minutes, 3 percent say 1 hour, and 2 percent spend above 1 hour. Distance to Source of Water Subsequently, the poll sought to know the main source of drinking water for Nigerians. The result shows that borehole is presently the main source of drinking water for Nigerian households as disclosed by 39 percent of the respondents interviewed.  The North-Central zone (46 percent) accounted for the highest proportion of Nigerians who made this claim. This is followed by 36 percent of the respondents who admitted that their main source of drinking water is sachet water. In addition, 9 percent revealed that they currently get their drinking water from tap water amongst other sources. Source of Drinking Water The poll further probed to know if Nigerians treat water in their households before drinking. The result indicates that most Nigerians do not treat water in their households before drinking as disclosed by 67 percent of respondents surveyed. However, 33 percent of Nigerians affirmed they treat water to make it suitable for drinking. Water Treatment within Households Respondents (33 percent) who admitted to treating water before drinking were further probed to ascertain the methods, they employ in treating their water. The poll showed that more than half (51 percent) of Nigerian households disclosed that they boil the water before drinking. Similarly, 20 percent stated that they use other chemicals to make their drinking water safe. Other methods of treatment employed by the respondents include the use of a water guard (16 percent), water filter (7 percent) and just a handful (2 percent) who claim that the water is already treated. Treatment methods within Households The survey also sought to determine if Nigerians are aware of the illnesses associated with unclean water.  The result shows that typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments. Identified Illnesses associated with unclean water On challenges in accessing water, the analysis revealed that 52 percent of Nigerian households have challenges accessing and this was mostly prevalent in the northern region; North-central (67 percent) and North-East (65 percent) to be specific. On the contrary, 48 percent of Nigerians do not have challenges accessing water in their households Perception on Access to Clean Water Lastly, to address water scarcity in their communities. Findings revealed that a higher percentage (58 percent) of Nigerians surveyed suggested the provision of more boreholes/solar boreholes. Other suggestions include constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water (7 percent) constant water supply (5 percent) as measures of tackling water scarcity in their communities. Measures to addressing Water Scarcity                                                                                                  Conclusion In conclusion, findings have shown that more than half of Nigerian households (52 percent) reported that access to water is a challenge to them with most respondents coming from the North-Central region (67 percent), and borehole water (39 percent) being the major source of drinking water for households across Nigeria. The poll results also revealed that of the 41 percent who do not have access to water within their household, 72 percent travel by foot for about 15 minutes to get to their water source. Unfortunately, 67 percent disclosed they do not treat water before drinking with the North-West region (76 percent) having the highest proportion of Nigerians who stated this. Typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments associated with unclean water.   According to water aids, clean water can create a ripple effect that will be felt for generations [38] . By ensuring people have clean water close to their homes, they will be better able to stay free of disease [39] . When they are healthy and well, they are better able to go to school or to grow food they can eat or sell [40] . And they will be better able to earn a living and put money aside for the future [41] . In short, communities will be stronger, so they can plan and prepare for whatever tomorrow brings [42] .   To address water scarcity across communities’ poll results, show that a larger proportion of Nigerians (58 percent) suggested that the government should provide more boreholes /solar boreholes. Other suggestions include: constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water (7 percent) constant water supply (5 percent) as measures of tackling water shortages in their communities.   Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing April 29th, 2024. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .   Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162                  +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [2] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [3] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [4] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [5] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [6] https://cappaafrica.org/2024/03/23/110-million-nigerians-lack-safe-drinking-water-report/ [7] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [8] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [9]   https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [10] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [11] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [12] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [13] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [14] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [15] https://www.businesstoks.com.ng/pure-water/ [16] https://www.businesstoks.com.ng/pure-water/ [17] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [18] https://byjus.com/biology/water/ [19] https://byjus.com/biology/water/ [20] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water [21] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [22] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [23] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [24] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [25] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [26] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [27] https://punchng.com/most-nigerian-waterworks-functioning-below-capacity-report/ [28] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [29] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [30] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [31] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [32]   https://www.wateraid.org/ng/media/wateraid-launches-project-to-improve-access-to-sustainable-water-sanitation-and-   hygiene [33] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/ [34] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/ [35] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/   [36] https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day [37] https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day [38] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [39] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [40] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [41] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [42] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change

Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 958 | Raphael Mbaegbu and Chukwudebe Nwanze Summary The removal of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy has reshaped the country’s economic landscape, driving up not only fuel prices but the overall costs of living. Fuel subsidies, which provided government financial assistance to keep fuel prices below prevailing market rates, were first introduced in the 1970s in response to the 1973 oil-price shock (Chika, 2023). In 2012, the government attempted to remove the subsidy, a move that sparked nationwide protests. Public outcry and prolonged demonstrations, which nearly escalated into violent unrest, led the government to reinstate the subsidy. Since then, successive administrations have failed to remove the subsidy due to concerns about public opposition and potential unrest. In May 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu announced the removal of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy (Premium Times, 2023). The decision, which came unexpectedly, was met with widespread concern about its economic implications. The immediate aftermath saw a sharp increase in the prices of goods and services across the country. Fuel prices surged from N185 per liter in 2023 to N1,025 per liter in 2024, while the currency exchange rate weakened from 460 naira to 1,700 naira per U.S. dollar (Punch, 2024). The combined effects of the fuel-subsidy removal and the unification of the naira’s exchange rate have exacerbated the cost of living for many Nigerians. The rising cost of goods and services has significantly weakened purchasing power, a particular problem for low-income households. World Bank (2024) projections estimated that by the end of 2024, about four in 10 Nigerians would be living below the international poverty line. Inflation reached record levels in June 2024, driven primarily by escalating food and fuel prices and foreign exchange volatility (National Bureau of Statistics, 2024). As inflationary pressures mount, economic hardship deepens, triggering ripple effects throughout society (Jarmajo, 2024). As Nigeria navigates these economic challenges, the long-term effects of subsidy removal remain a focal point of public discourse and policy debate. Afrobarometer survey findings show that Nigerians' already-grim assessments of the country’s overall direction, its economic situation, and their personal living conditions have continued to worsen. The proportion of citizens experiencing moderate or high levels of lived poverty remains overwhelming. Nigerians’ ratings of their government’s performance on key economic issues are almost unanimously negative. Economic issues dominate citizens’ top priorities for government action, including the increasing cost of living, poverty, unemployment, and management of the economy. Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians in June-July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022. Key findings ▪        More than nine out of 10 Nigerians (93%) say the country is going in “the wrong direction.”   Only 6% see things going in the right direction, a 31-percentage-point drop since 2017. ▪        Nearly nine in 10 citizens (88%) say the country’s economic condition is “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up 30 percentage points since 2020. o    And three-fourths (74%) report poor personal living conditions. ▪        More than nine in 10 Nigerians (95%) say they or someone in their household went without a cash income at least once during the previous year. Most also report shortages of food (82%), medical care (82%), water (74%), and cooking fuel (79%). o    The share of Nigerians experiencing moderate or high levels of lived poverty has increased by 41 percentage points since 2017 (from 38% vs. 79%). ▪        The increasing cost of living is the most frequently cited problem that Nigerians want the government to address. The economic issues of poverty, unemployment, and management of the economy also make the top five, along with crime/security. ▪        Ratings of the government’s economic performance are overwhelmingly negative. Fewer than one in 10 Nigerians rate the government positively on improving living standards of the poor (8%), managing the economy (7%), creating jobs (6%), narrowing gaps between rich and poor (5%), and keeping prices stable (3%). ▪        A large majority (85%) of respondents disapprove of the government’s decision to remove the government’s fuel subsidy. Only 12% approve of the removal. ▪        Almost six in 10 (58%) say the government should reinstate the fuel subsidy even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education. More than one-third (35%) disagree. Direction of the country and state of the economy An overwhelming proportion of Nigerians (93%) say the country is heading in “the wrong direction” (Figure 1). A mere 6% think the country is headed in “the right direction.” The share of Nigerians who consider the country to be on the wrong path has been increasing consistently since 2017. The view that the country is heading in the wrong direction is consistent – at nine out of 10 respondents or more – across key demographic groups (Figure 2). Figure 1: Overall direction of the country | Nigeria | 2012-2024 Overall direction of the country  Respondents were asked: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Figure 2: Country going in the wrong direction | by demographic group | Nigeria     | 2024  Country going in the wrong direction Respondents were asked: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? (% who say “going in the wrong direction”) National economy and personal living conditions Large majorities of Nigerians offer negative assessments of economic conditions. Almost nine in 10 (88%) describe the country’s economic condition as “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up from 58% recorded in 2020 (Figure 3). About three-fourths (74%) say their personal living conditions are “fairly bad” or “very bad,” compared to 47% in 2020. Figure 3: Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions | Nigeria | 2012-2024 Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions Respondents were asked: In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country?   Your own present living conditions? (% who say “fairly bad” or “very bad”)   Respondents’ negative assessments of economic conditions mirror widespread personal experience of deprivation when it comes to basic life necessities (Figure 4). Majorities say they or someone in their household went without enough food (82%), enough clean water (74%), and medical care (82%) [1]  at least once during the previous year, including about one in four who say this happened “many times” or “always.” More than nine in 10 (95%) report going without a cash income at least once during the year, while 79% say they experienced shortages of cooking fuel. Calculating Lived Poverty Index [2]  scores based on respondents’ reported shortages of basic necessities, we find that eight in 10 Nigerians experienced moderate (41%) or high (38%) levels of lived poverty during the preceding year (Figure 5).   The share of Nigerians with moderate or high lived poverty has increased by 41 percentage points since 2017 (from 38% to 79%) (Figure 6).   Figure 4: Deprivation of basic necessities | Nigeria | 2024 Deprivation of basic necessities Respondents were asked: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Figure 5: Levels of lived poverty | Nigeria | 2024 Levels of lived poverty Lived poverty scores are calculated based on responses to the following questions: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Figure 6: Lived poverty trends | Nigeria | 2014-2024  Lived poverty trends Lived poverty scores are calculated based on responses to the following questions: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Most important problems facing Nigeria Economic concerns dominate Nigerians’ priorities for government action (Figure 7). Four of the five most important problems that citizens want their government to address are economic issues: the increasing cost of living (33%), poverty (27%), unemployment (27%), and management of the economy (25%). Figure 7: Most important problems | Nigeria | 2024 Most important problems Respondents were asked: In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Respondents could give up to three answers. The figure shows the percentage of respondents who cite each problem as one of up to three priorities.) Government’s economic performance In line with their appraisals of the country’s direction, Nigerians overwhelmingly disapprove of their government’s handling of the economy (Figure 8). More than nine in 10 citizens say the government is doing “fairly badly” or “very badly” on keeping prices stable (97%), narrowing gaps between rich and poor (95%), creating jobs (94%), managing the economy (93%), and improving the living standards of the poor (92%).   Figure 8: Evaluation of government’s economic performance | Nigeria | 2024   Evaluation of government’s economic performance Respondents were asked:   How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Views on the fuel-subsidy removal After announcing the end of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy in May 2023, the president emphasised that the decision was not intended to burden citizens but to protect the country from economic collapse (Guardian, 2024). Despite the explanation, most Nigerians (85%) disapprove of removing the subsidy, including 52% who “strongly disapprove.” Only 12% say they approve (Figure 9). Here, too, there is very little disagreement among key demographic groups: All disapprove of the government’s removal of the fuel subsidy by more than eight in 10 (Figure 10). Figure 9: Views on government decision to remove fuel subsidy| Nigeria| 2024 Views on government decision to remove fuel subsidy| Respondents were asked:   Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, or haven’t you heard enough to say?   Figure 10: Disapproval of government decision to remove fuel subsidy                                    | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024 Disapproval of government decision to remove fuel subsidy Respondents were asked:   Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies or haven’t you heard enough to say? (% who “disapprove and “strongly disapprove”) Should fuel subsidy be reinstated? After the fuel subsidy was removed, Nigerians saw a record increase in the pump price of petrol and food-supply challenges across the country. Almost six in 10 citizens (58%) say the government should reinstate the fuel subsidy, even if this means reducing expenditures on other important sectors such as health or education. But more than one-third (35%) disagree (Figure 11). Figure 11: Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? | Nigeria | 2024   Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? Respondents were asked:   Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Rural residents (62%) are more likely than urban dwellers (52%) to support reinstating the fuel subsidy, and Northerners (63%) favour reinstatement more than Southerners (52%) (Figure 12). Support is also higher among youth aged 18-35 (61%), those with primary education or less (60%-61%), and economically well-off citizens (60%). Figure 12: Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024 Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education?     People’s views on whether to reinstate the fuel subsidy do not seem to depend on whether they think the country is on the right path or the wrong path: Regardless of their thoughts about Nigeria’s overall direction, just short of six in 10 favour reinstatement (Figure 13). But views on the fuel subsidy do vary by respondents’ assessments of the economy and their own living conditions (Figure 14). Those who think the country’s economic condition is bad are more likely to call for reinstating the fuel subsidy than those who see the economy as good (59% vs. 46%). Similarly, respondents who are unhappy with their personal living conditions endorse reinstating the fuel subsidy more strongly than those who are satisfied with their living conditions (57% vs. 51%). Figure 13: Views on reinstating fuel subsidy | by assessment of the country’s direction | Nigeria | 2024    Views on reinstating fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Figure 14: Views on reinstating fuel subsidy | by assessment of economic and living conditions | Nigeria | 2024  Views on reinstating fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Conclusion Most Nigerians are dissatisfied with the country’s direction and cite increasingly harsh economic conditions. Large majorities rate both the national economy and their personal living conditions negatively. Furthermore, lived poverty has been on the rise since 2017, signaling deepening hardship, and most citizens disapprove of the government’s handling of economic issues. Most Nigerians also disapprove of the government’s removal of the fuel subsidy, with nearly two-thirds calling for its reinstatement – even at the expense of funding for health and education. References Chika, C. (2023). Much ado about the politics of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria . Afrocritik. 1 June. Guardian. (2024). Oil subsidy removal designed to prevent Nigeria’s collapse — Tinubu.  1 December. Jarmajo, M. (2024). Nigeria and crisis of economic hardship.  ThisDay. August. Mattes, R., & Lekalake, R. (2025).  Decade of destitution? Severe lived poverty is surging in many African countries . Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 943. National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). CPI and inflation report June 2024.   Premium Times. (2023). Fuel subsidy is gone – Tinubu declares . 29 May. Punch. (2024). Tinubu must mitigate hardships arising from petrol price hikes . 4 November. World Bank. (2024). Poverty & equity brief. Nigeria.   Raphael Mbaegbu is the head of social research and Afrobarometer project manager for NOIPolls, the Afrobarometer national partner in Nigeria. Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com . Chukwudebe Nwanze is a senior research associate at NOIPolls. Email: dnwanze@noi-polls.com . Afrobarometer, a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, non-partisan research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35 countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University, the University of Cape Town, and the University of Malawi provide technical support to the network. Financial support for Afrobarometer is provided by Sweden via the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) via the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation via the World Bank Think Africa Project, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society Foundations - Africa, Luminate, the Ford Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Mastercard Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the European Union Commission, the World Bank Group, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Uganda, the Embassy of Sweden in Zimbabwe, and GIZ. Donations help Afrobarometer give voice to African citizens. Please consider making a donation to Afrobarometer. To make an online donation, kindly follow this link  or this link . To discuss institutional funding, contact Felix Biga ( felixbiga@afrobarometer.org ) or Runyararo Munetsi ( runyararo@afrobarometer.org ). For more information, please visit www.afrobarometer.org . Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. [1]  Due to rounding, percentages for combined categories reported in the text may differ slightly from the sum of sub-categories shown in figures (e.g. for medical care, 26% “many times” or “always, 31% “several times,” and 24% “just once or twice” sum to 82%). [2]    Afrobarometer’s Lived Poverty Index (LPI) measures respondents’ levels of material deprivation by asking how often they or their families went without basic necessities (enough food, enough water, medical care, enough cooking fuel, and a cash income) during the preceding year. For more on lived poverty, see Mattes and Lekalake (2025).

Infographics Abuja, Nigeria. January 27, 2025  – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed an impressive assertion that education is important, with 95 percent of Nigerians indicating a strong consensus on the value of education across the population. This overwhelming majority reflects a societal recognition of education as a top priority and its critical role in individual and national development.   Furthermore, the poll findings highlight the awareness and challenges related to educational empowerment programs. Alarmingly, only 15 percent of respondents reported being aware of initiatives supporting education, while 70 percent of this group indicated that they or someone they know has benefited from these programs. Awareness levels varied across geopolitical zones, with the highest in the North-West at 74 percent and the lowest in the North-Central at 60 percent.   Further findings also identified significant barriers to accessing quality education, with 54 percent citing financial constraints as the most pressing issue, lack of qualified teachers (17 percent), and insufficient learning materials and infrastructure (11 percent) respectively were other barriers cited. In addressing these challenges, participants suggested measures to improve education: Hiring qualified teachers (17 percent), enhancing learning facilities (16 percent), providing free education (13 percent), and reducing educational costs or offering scholarships.   These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to enhance the quality of education in Nigeria, emphasizing the importance of community awareness and resource allocation. These are key findings from the Education Poll conducted in the week commencing January 13th, 2025 .   Background The term "education" originates from the Latin words educare, meaning "to bring up," and educere, meaning "to bring forth [1] . "There are several perspectives on the concept of education but the definition many agree with is that education is a purposeful activity aimed at achieving goals like the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits [2] .  UNESCO’s Convention Against Discrimination in Education (CADE, 1960) which is the first instrument in the field of the right to education, defined education in article 1(2) as “all types and levels of education, including access to education, the standard and quality of education and the conditions under which it is given” [3] .   Education is the basic building block of every society [4] . It is the single best investment countries can make to build prosperous, healthy, and equitable societies [5] . Article 26 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to education [6] .” The right to quality education is already firmly rooted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international legal instruments, the majority of which are the result of the work of UNESCO and the United Nations [7] .   Education is not only a right, but a passport to human development that opens doors and expands opportunities and freedoms [8] . It is a basic human right that works to raise men and women out of poverty, and levels of inequalities and ensure sustainable development [9] . But worldwide, 244 million children and youth are still out of school for social, economic, and cultural reasons [10] . SDG goal No. 4 states that by 2030, each country’s youths and a large proportion of adults achieve literacy and numeracy, achieving an all-inclusive, equitable education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all [11] .’’   Unfortunately, a unified set of education policies is yet to be successfully implemented in Nigeria [12] . Characterized by regional differences in quality, curriculum, and funding within the system [13] , the educational systems in Nigeria are divided into two the public and the private [14]  . Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out-of-school learning youths in the world [15] . UNICEF reports that one in three children is out of school in Nigeria, with 10.2 million children in primary school and 8.1 million in junior secondary school (JSS) not attending school [16]  . Additionally, 12.4 million children have never attended school, and 5.9 million left school prematurely [17] . Nigeria’s out-of-school population represents 15% of the global total, a staggering figure worsened by growing insecurity, banditry, extreme multidimensional poverty, and illiteracy in Africa’s most populous country [18] .   According to the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack,  Nigeria is one of the many countries that witnessed a series of attacks on education [19] . Between 2020 and 2021, over 1,980 students and educators were harmed, over 1,400 students were abducted, and several educational structures were destroyed because of violence [20] . According to the 2022 "Education Under Attack" report, there were six attacks on education per day on average, with women and girls reported as the major victims [21] . Likewise, schoolboys are often coerced or dragged into conflicts as militias or into the national army. Other factors such as early marriage, religious and cultural beliefs, child labor, low access to education, and low-quality education exemplified by poor teaching and learning facilities and environment and irrelevant curriculum are some of the factors that can deter the achievement of SDG 4 in Nigeria [22] .The latest data on Nigeria’s literacy rate in 2024 stood at 59.57% [23] .   Interestingly, the Nigerian government has made some efforts to improve access to education, with programs like the mass literacy programs as well as the school feeding program to improve enrollment, but positive results have been slow in coming [24] . UNESCO’s latest global education monitoring report stated that out-of-school children in Nigeria have increased to an estimated 20 million [25] . A redeemed educational sector in Nigeria depends on people and systems [26] . The odds are stacked against Nigeria meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 4 for quality and equitable education [27] . Nigeria’s education budget remains far below UNESCO’s recommended 15-20% and has hovered between 5-9% over the last few years [28] . This underinvestment makes it even harder to close the literacy gap and build a future in which all Nigerians can thrive [29] . Against this backdrop, NOIPolls surveyed to gauge the perceptions and opinions of Nigerians regarding education in Nigeria and hereby presents its findings.   Survey Findings Respondents nationwide were asked, “How important do you think education is in Nigeria” and the analysis of Education Sentiment in Nigeria revealed that 95 percent of Nigerians affirm that education is important. This indicates a strong consensus on the value of education among the population nationwide.  Further analysis shows that 84 percent of respondents view education as "very important” and 11 percent consider it "important". The overwhelming majority (95 percent) signifies that education is a top priority for Nigerians, reflecting a societal recognition of its role in individual and national development. The distinction between "very important" and "important" suggests the majority consider education as crucial.   The analysis across gender indicates that education is highly valued, with 97 percent of females and 94 percent of males expressing a strong commitment to its importance. Highlighting a shared cultural belief that education is essential for growth and development. Additionally, support for education across geopolitical zones is similarly robust. The North-East zone with the highest percentage at 98 percent, while the North-Central and South-East regions each stand at 94 percent. The overall data underscores a strong, collective commitment to education in Nigeria. Importance of Education Ratings on the quality of education across communities in Nigeria reveal a mixed perspective: positive, negative, and neutral stance. Only 37 percent of Nigerians rated the quality of education in their communities as good, with 23 percent indicating "good" and 14 percent "very good." This suggests notable dissatisfaction among a significant portion of the population regarding the educational quality locally. Additionally, 28 percent of respondents considered the education quality to be poor, broken down to 17 percent rating it "poor" and 11 percent "very poor." This highlights serious concerns about the effectiveness and outcomes of educational institutions in their communities. Interestingly, 34 percent of respondents remained neutral regarding the quality of education. This may indicate a lack of sufficient information or personal experience to form a strong opinion, pointing to potential gaps in communication or awareness about educational standards and achievements. Rating the quality of education On initiatives and programs, only 15 percent of Nigerians reported being aware of any empowerment programs or initiatives aimed at supporting education in their communities. This highlights a significant gap in knowledge and awareness among the populace. The low percentage suggests that many individuals may not have access to vital educational resources, or support systems that could enhance learning opportunities, or existing programs that support education in communities are not effectively communicated or advertised, limiting their reach and impact. Awareness on programs supporting education Of the 15 percent of Nigerians who reported awareness of empowerment programs supporting education in their communities, 70 percent indicated that they or someone they know has benefited from these initiatives. Across geopolitical zones, awareness of empowerment programs was highest in the North-West at 74 percent and lowest in the North-Central at 60 percent. Beneficiaries of education programs/initiatives Furthermore, on the challenges that Nigerians face in assessing quality education, results from the survey revealed that the top three challenges faced in assessing quality education are: “financial constraint” (54 percent), “lack/shortage of qualified teachers” (17 percent) and Lack of learning materials/infrastructure (11 percent). Challenges to accessing quality education Consequently, the survey asked respondents what could be done to improve the quality of education in their communities. The top four suggestions include: hiring qualified teachers (17 percent), providing good learning facilities (16 percent), offering free education (14 percent), and reducing the cost of education or providing scholarships (13 percent). Measures to Improving Education Quality Conclusion In conclusion, the survey results strongly emphasize the critical role of education in Nigeria's development, with 95 percent of respondents recognizing its significance. This widespread acknowledgment underscores the urgent need for stakeholders, including the government, educational institutions, and community organizations, to collaborate in improving the nation's education system.   However, the survey also highlights significant challenges that hinder educational progress. Financial constraints, particularly for families, pose a major barrier to accessing quality education. Furthermore, a shortage of qualified teachers and limited awareness of available educational empowerment programs exacerbate these issues. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes investing in teacher training, improving school infrastructure, and implementing strategies to reduce the financial burden on families.   Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing January 13th, 2025 . It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states, and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95 percent confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65 percent; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .   Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 813 547 4512                  +234 (0) 813 749 6113   [1]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education [2]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education [3] https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/focus-areas/right-to-education.html [4]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [5]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [6]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [7]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [8]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [9]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [10]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [11] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [12]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [13]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [14]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [15]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [16] https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [17]   https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [18] https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [19] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [20] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [21] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [22]   https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [23] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [24] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [25] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria [26]   https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [27] https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis [28] https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis [29]   https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis

Infographics A large majority of Nigerians support the inclusion of sex education in school curricula, according to the latest Afrobarometer survey. However, there is significantly less support for making contraceptives widely accessible to all sexually active individuals regardless of their age or marital status. Public opinion on abortion remains divided. While a large plurality of Nigerians report that pregnancies are frequently terminated in their communities, a similar proportion say such cases are rare or non-existent.  Large majorities believe abortion is never justified in cases of unwanted pregnancies or economic hardship, although more than half believe it can be acceptable when the mother's life or health is at risk or when the pregnancy is the product of rape or incest. Key findings ▪  Seven in 10 Nigerians (70%) endorse the teaching of sex education in school                       (Figure 1). o    More educated and economically better-off citizens, the elderly, and urban residents are more likely than their counterparts to support the teaching of sex education in schools.   ▪  Only about four in 10 citizens say contraceptives should be made available for anyone who is sexually active regardless of age (40%) and marital status (37%). (Figure 2).  ▪  One in 10 Nigerians (10%) say women and girls in their community “often” terminate their pregnancies, and another 32% say they do so “occasionally.” Fewer than half (45%) say pregnancies are “rarely” or “never” terminated in their community. (Figure 3). ▪  More than seven in 10 citizens say abortion is “never” justified in cases where the pregnancy is unwanted (73%) or where the mother is economically unable to care for a child (71%). (Figure 4).  o    But majorities think abortion is “sometimes” or “always” justified if the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest (51%) or if the mother’s health or life is as risk (59%). Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022.   Charts   Figure 1: Should schools teach sexual education? | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024       Perceptions on Sex Education: Demographic Representation Respondents were asked: For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Schools should teach sexuality education to young people to help them make informed decisions. Figure 2: Should contraceptives be available regardless of age and marital status?           | Nigeria | 2024   Perceptions on Availability of Contraceptive Respondents were asked: For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Contraceptives should be available to everyone who is sexually active regardless of age and marital status .   Figure 3: Frequency of pregnancy termination | Nigeria | 2024 Frequency of Termination of Pregnancies within communities Respondents were asked: In your opinion, how often, if ever, do women or girls in your community terminate their pregnancies?               Figure 4: Justification of pregnancy termination  | Nigeria | 2024 Justification of Pregnancy Termination Respondents were asked: For each of the following situations, please tell me whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified for a woman to terminate a pregnancy if: The pregnancy is as a result of rape or she has been impregnated by a close relative such as her father or brother? Her health or life is in danger if she keeps the pregnancy?  She is going through economic hardships and cannot take care of a child? She does not want to keep the pregnancy for any reason? For more information, please contact: NOIPolls   Raphael Mbaegbu   Telephone: +234 63292096   Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com       Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org   www.noi-polls.com   Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.                    Social Media Handles

Infographics News release A large majority of Nigerians disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, with more than half calling for their reinstatement even at the expense of other key sectors such as health and education, the latest Afrobarometer survey shows.  Almost two years after the elimination of the subsidies, public dissatisfaction with the country’s economic direction has reached record levels. More than nine in 10 Nigerians say the country is heading in the wrong direction.  Nearly as many citizens say the economy is in bad shape, while three-fourths report poor personal living conditions.  The most important problem that Nigerians want the government to address is the increasing cost of living, followed by crime and security, poverty, unemployment, management of the economy, and electricity.  Key findings ▪  A large majority of respondents “disapprove” (33%) or “strongly disapprove” (52%) of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies. Only 12% approve of their removal (Figure 1). ▪  Almost six in 10 (58%) say the government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education (Figure 2).  ▪  More than nine in 10 Nigerians (93%) say the country is going in “the wrong direction.” This represents increases of 30 percentage points since 2017 (63%) and 4 points since the most recent survey in 2022 (89%) (Figure 3).  ▪  Nearly nine in 10 citizens (88%) say the country’s economic condition is “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up 30 percentage points from 2020 (Figure 4). o  And three-fourths (74%) report poor personal living conditions. The increasing cost of living (33%) is the most frequently cited problem that Nigerians want the government to address, followed by crime and security (31%), poverty (27%), unemployment (27%), management of the economy (25%), and electricity (25%) (Figure 5).  Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022.   Charts   Figure 1: Views on government's decision to remove fuel subsidies | Nigeria | 2024  Perceptions on fuel subsidy removal Respondents were asked: Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, or haven’t you heard enough to say?   Figure 2: Should fuel subsidies be reinstated? | Nigeria | 2024 Support for reinstating subsidy removal Respondents were asked:  Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Figure 3: Overall direction of the country | Nigeria | 2012-2024  Perception on the overall direction of Nigeria Respondents were asked:   Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Figure 4: Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions | Nigeria | 2012-2024  Assessment of Nigeria's economic/personal living condition Respondents were asked:  In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country? Your own present living conditions? Figure 5: Most important problems | Nigeria | 2024  Top problems to be addressed by Government Respondents were asked : In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Respondents could give up to three answers. Figure shows % of respondents who cite each problem as one of their three priorities.) For more information, please contact: NOIPolls   Raphael Mbaegbu   Telephone: +234 63292096   Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com     Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org   www.noi-polls.com   Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. Social Handles

About the project The Frequent Assessment and Health Systems Tools for Resilience (FASTR’s) innovative approach flips the current paradigm of PHC measurement by starting from time-sensitive country data use needs, then designing novel data collection and analysis approaches that drive data use for decision making. FASTR has pioneered an approach with five inter-connected components: monthly analysis of routine health management information systems (HMIS) data rapid-cycle health facility phone surveys, qualitative follow-ups, high-frequency household surveys, and capacity strengthening and data use support. The components enable continuous analyze-learn-strengthen-act cycles to improve PHC and RMNCAH-N outcomes. The consultancy NOIPolls invites interested research firms in Ghana to apply to conduct this research. Please click on this link to download the RFP for more details.

NOIPolls, a leading polling and research organization, is thrilled to announce the successful conclusion of its inaugural NOIPolls Spelling Bee Competition. This initiative, which aimed to promote educational excellence, foster a love for learning, and build self-confidence among young pupils, provided an exciting platform for students to showcase their spelling skills. The competition took place on February 11, 2025, at 10:00 AM at Silverbird Cinemas Limited Entertainment Centre, Central Business District, Abuja. It attracted participants from 38 primary schools across the city, with each school sending a team of two Primary 5 pupils to compete for top honors. We are pleased to announce that the winner of the competition is Rashad Bello from Start-Rite school, who walked away with a gold trophy, a cash prize, educational materials, branded school bag, gifts, and a Certificate of Recognition. NOIPolls Spelling Bee winners Jason Ezekiel Hart, Kobichimdi Nwokike and Rasha Bello The 1st Runner-Up, Jason Ezekiel Hart from Brick Hall school, received a silver trophy, a cash prize, educational materials, a branded school bag, gifts, and a Certificate of Recognition. The 2nd Runner-Up, Kobichimdi Nwokike from Doveland International Schools International school, Jabi, was awarded a bronze trophy, a cash prize, educational materials, a branded school bag, gifts, and a Certificate of Recognition. Dr. Chike Nwangwu, Chief Executive Officer of NOIPolls, expressed his excitement. “It was truly inspiring to see both public and private school students competing on the same stage," he said. "We believe every child deserves to be heard, and this competition provided an invaluable opportunity to celebrate their talents and encourage their growth.” NOIPolls, with its mission to provide insightful data to inform decision-making, is proud to have contributed to fostering educational development in Abuja. The competition not only highlights the importance of academic excellence but also inspires future generations to aim high and achieve greatness. We extend our heartfelt thanks to all participating schools, parents, and partners for their unwavering support in nurturing these bright young minds. Congratulations to all the participants, and we are already looking forward to future editions of the NOIPolls Spelling Bee Competition.

Abuja, Nigeria – January 27, 2025:  A recent survey by NOIPolls has shed light on a concerning gap in the awareness and effectiveness of government initiatives designed to support citizens amid the ongoing economic challenges in Nigeria. The nationwide survey revealed that 82 percent of adult Nigerians are unaware of any government program or initiative to assist citizens in the past year. This finding highlights a critical issue in the communication or implementation of government support systems, especially as the country grapples with significant economic difficulties. 93 in 100 Nigerians say the economy impacted them negatively in the past year According to the study, the economic downturn has severely impacted 93 percent of Nigerians, with 52 percent attributing the hardship to the soaring cost of living. To cope, many have resorted to cutting back on personal expenses (27 percent), expanding their businesses or working harder (26 percent), engaging in agriculture (13 percent), or starting side hustles (12 percent). These figures point to the resilience of Nigerians as they adapt to the harsh economic environment. The survey also identified the measures Nigerians believe could alleviate their economic struggles. The most widely supported interventions included reducing petrol pump prices (28 percent), creating more jobs (12 percent), reinstating the fuel subsidy (11 percent), and implementing good governance and sound policies (9 percent). These findings underscore the desire for comprehensive and practical measures to reduce economic burdens. While most Nigerians face economic challenges, a small group (4 percent) reported experiencing positive impacts. Among these respondents, 30 percent cited improved or booming businesses as a key factor. This resilience reflects Nigerians' entrepreneurial spirit and adaptability. For instance, Peter Chijioke, a civil servant mentioned in the Blueprint Online publication (October 18, 2024), emphasized the importance of diversifying business models, reducing operational costs, and seeking funding opportunities [1] . Similarly, Accountant Clement Adeboye also cited in the same publication, how his family adapted by switching his children from private to public schools and adopting bulk purchasing to manage household expenses.   Despite these adaptive strategies, the survey also highlighted a significant gap in public awareness and participation in government support programs. Only 18 percent of respondents were aware of any government initiatives, with grants (7 percent), federal government loan schemes (5 percent), and national food palliatives (4 percent) being the most frequently mentioned programs. However, 46 percent cited other single support initiatives, while 32 percent were unable to identify specific programs, suggesting potential issues in program branding, outreach, or communication.   Further findings revealed that only 19 percent of Nigerians reported benefiting from government interventions. The highest beneficiaries were from the North-Central and North-East regions (28 percent and 29 percent, respectively), while those from the South-West (91 percent) and South-South (88 percent) regions reported the least benefit. This regional disparity indicates an uneven distribution or accessibility of government programs. Download the full report here. [1] https://blueprint.ng/how-nigerians-are-coping-with-economic-hardship/

7 in 10 Nigerians dissatisfied with 2024 in all aspects, new poll reveals Abuja, Nigeria. December 24, 2024  – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls revealed that most adult Nigerians nationwide (71 percent) disclosed that they are dissatisfied with the year 2024 mainly due to increased inflation and economic hardship in the country. This is not surprising as the National Bureau of Statistics recently announced that Nigeria’s inflation further rose by 0.72 percent on a month-on-month basis to 34.60 percent in November 2024 [1] . Analysis by geopolitiical zones indicated that the 43 percent of residents in the North-West zone were very dissatisfied with 2024, the highest proportion across all zones who made this assertion.   According to the poll, respondents highlighted other reasons for being dissatisfied with the current year. The reasons include those that stated that nothing works for them as planned (13 percent), business not expanding (7 percent), and increased poverty (6 percent) amongst others. These are some of the key findings from the end-of-the-year special Poll  conducted in the week commencing December 9, 2024 .   Background Decembers are usually dotted with concerts, parties, beach outings with friends, family/school reunions, carnivals, other forms of social activities, and festive events. To some Nigerians, it is a time to reflect on what they have achieved thus far and what to expect in the coming year. Against this backdrop, NOIPolls surveyed to gauge the perceptions and opinions of Nigerians regarding the year 2024 as a whole and hereby presents its findings.   Survey Findings The first question gauged the level of satisfaction of respondents. The poll result revealed that most Nigerians (71 percent) asserted that they were not satisfied with the year 2024. Analysis by geopolitical zones indicated that the 43 percent of residents in the North-West zone were very dissatisfied with 2024, the highest proportion across all zones who made this assertion.   Level of satisfaction for Nigerians in all aspects for 2024 On the other hand, the poll result indicated that 15 percent of adult Nigerians nationwide mentioned that they are satisfied with the year 2024 as a whole. Interestingly, Nigerians residing in the South-East zone had more respondents who made this assertion. Further probe revealed that out of the 71 percent who stated that they are not satisfied with the year 2024, 31 percent stated that it is due to the increased inflation, as well as those that attributed it to increased economic hardship (31 percent). Other reasons include those that stated that nothing works for them as planned (13 percent), business not expanding (7 percent), and increased poverty (6 percent) amongst others.   Similarly, out of the 15 percent of the respondents who stated that they were satisfied with the current year, the analysis showed that more than half of the respondents (53 percent) only found being alive as the major reason for their contentment with 2024. Other reasons mentioned are that I am healthy (12 percent), I can feed my family (9 percent), increased my salary (6 percent), and achieved self-sufficiency (5 percent) amongst other reasons. Reasons why Nigerians are dissatisfied with 2024 Conclusion In conclusion, the poll revealed that most Nigerians (71 percent) are dissatisfied with 2024. Interestingly, among those that were statisfied with 2024, 53 percent of them stated being alive as their major reason for being satisfied while 62 percent of respondents that were not satisfied mentioned increased inflation and economic hardship as their major reason. To alleviate these concerns going into the new year, the government must focus on strengthening the economy through impactful economic policies and efforts in the coming year [1] .     Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing December 9, 2024. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the country's six geo-political regions, 36 states, and FCT. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com . Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 813 547 4512                  +234 (0) 813 749 6113 [1]   Nigeria inflation rises for third straight month in November | Reuters [1] https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/17/tough-festive-season-awaits-nigerians-amid-untamed-inflation-spike/

Proportion of Nigerians who have considered leaving the country News release A majority of Nigerians have considered leaving the country, usually in search of better economic opportunities, according to the latest Afrobarometer survey. The proportion of citizens who have given emigration “a lot” of thought has tripled since 2017. The most common reasons among potential emigrants are the search for work opportunities and the wish to overcome economic hardship. Highly educated, unemployed, urban, and young citizens are most likely to consider emigration. Their most popular destinations are North America, Europe, and the Middle East. As the world observes International Migrants Day, Nigeria and other African countries contend with “brain drain,” high-risk irregular migration, and other emigration-related challenges. Key findings More than half (56%) of Nigerians say they have considered leaving Nigeria, a 20- percentage-point increase compared to 2017 (36%) (Figure 1). The share who say they have given “a lot” of thought to the idea has tripled, from 11% to 33%. Thoughts of emigrating are particularly common among the most educated citizens (71% of those with post-secondary qualifications), urban residents (63%), and youth (60% of 18- to 35-year-olds) (Figure 2). Two-thirds (66%) of citizens who are unemployed and looking for work say they have thought about leaving Nigeria, while many full-time (58%) and part-time workers (56%) have also considered emigration. The most common reasons cited for potential emigration are finding work opportunities (42%) and escaping economic hardship or poverty (39%) (Figure 3). The most popular destinations among potential emigrants are North America (38%) and Europe (28%) (Figure 4). Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022. Charts Figure 1: Considered emigrating | Nigeria | 2017-2024 Nigerians willingness to emigrate Respondents were asked: How much, if at all, have you considered moving to another country to live? Figure 2: Considered emigrating | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024 Demographic Representation Respondents were asked: How much, if at all, have you considered moving to another country to live? (% who say “a little bit,” “somewhat,” or “a lot”) Due to rounding, percentages for combined categories reported in the text may differ slightly from the sum of sub-categories shown in figures (e.g. 33% “a lot,” 10% “somewhat,” and 12% “a little bit” sum to 56%). Figure 3: Main reason to consider emigration | Nigeria | 2024 Reasons for Emigration Respondents who say they have considered emigrating were asked: What is the most important reason why you would consider moving from Nigeria? (Respondents who say they have not considered emigrating are excluded.) Figure 4: Preferred destination for emigration | Nigeria | 2024 Destination Preference Respondents who say they have considered emigrating were asked: If you were to move to another country, where would you be most likely to go? (Respondents who say they have not considered emigrating are excluded.) For more information, please contact: NOIPolls Raphael Mbaegbu Telephone: +234 63292096 Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org www.noi-polls.com Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. Social Media Handles

Infograph showing key areas Nigerians want the government to prioritize in 2025 Abuja, Nigeria – January 6th, 2025  – A new public opinion poll released by NOIPolls has revealed that the top three key areas Nigerians want the government to focus its attention on in 2025 include Agriculture (53 percent), Better economic policies (42 percent) and Security (35 percent). An emphasis on Agriculture is expected given the global food crisis and the food inflation in Nigeria in recent years. Ensuring food security for the country’s increasing population is critical to sustainable development. Other areas Nigerians want the government to focus on to resolve the challenges include reducing fuel prices (26 percent), infrastructural development (21 percent), electricity supply (20 percent), as well as empowerment and job creation (16 percent). Also mentioned are education (10 percent), economy/cost of living (9 percent), and health care (7 percent) amongst others.   The agricultural sector has continued to be the bedrock and mainstay of Nigeria’s economy contributing 23.69 percent of her GDP in 2022 [1] . It approximately employs 30 percent of the country’s workforce and contributes immensely to the food production of the country [2] . It also contributes significantly to raw material production for industries in the country. With the recent allocation of N132bn by the Federal Government as disclosed in the 2025 Appropriation Bill to support farmers and farming activities in 2025, Nigerians might have some relief in the new year.   As regards economic policies, the removal of fuel subsidies alone in the country resulted in a myriad of economic backlashes in the country, chief of which is the high inflation rate which stood at 34.6 percent, the highest in the last 28 years according to the National Bureau of Statistics [3] . The heightened inflation resulted in prices of food items and other everyday commodities skyrocketing almost beyond the reach of the common man. According to the NBS, food inflation stood at 39.9 percent, the highest in recent memory, resulting in 2 out of every 3 families going hungry every day [4] .   The last decade witnessed the increasing emergence of insurgencies and criminal groups whose activities transcend regional borders. This gives credence to Nigerians' security concerns.  According to the National Bureau of Statistics, between May 2023 and April 2024, over 614,000 people lost their lives due to insecurity in Nigeria with the North-West region being the worst hit with over 200,000 deaths [5] and a whooping sum of over 2.2 trillion naira paid in Ransom within the same period under review [6] . Hence the government should intensify its efforts in securing the Nigerian state and Nigerians as no nation can achieve significant development amidst insecurity and terrorism.   With regards to the aforementioned areas of priority, it is expedient that the Nigerian government expedite actions to holistically address the concerns of Nigerians so that Nigerians will experience a sigh of relief and a new lease of life in the new year. These are some highlights from the New Year Poll  conducted in the week commencing December 16th, 2024 .   Survey Background People from all walks of life look forward to the emergence of the New Year with nostalgia and euphoria amidst gratefulness for how the out-going year pan out and with optimism that the New Year will bring greater fortune and astounding success.  Many see it as a time of reflection, reminiscence, and readjustments of their life’s objectives to make amends where necessary and consolidate on areas they achieved success.   Most people observe the New Year holiday as an opportunity for festivities and reconnecting with friends and family for bonding. However, the New Year is not just about celebrations but also a time to reflect, plan, and start the journey toward achieving dreams. It is also a period to unite people with a shared sense of hope and happiness for the year ahead [7] . It inspires individuals to plan personal or professional goals, leave behind negativity, and embrace positivity, gratitude, and kindness, a panacea for greater success. Nigerians are celebrating the New Year with hope and optimism that the New Year will bring good tidings to them seeing the outgone year was economically challenging due to high inflation occasioned by increased fuel prices. Will there be a reduction in the inflation figures? Will there be better economic prospects in the New Year? Will prices of items reduce in the coming year and will Nigerians heave a sigh of relief as the year unfolds? These and many more will be the questions running through the minds of Nigerians. Against this backdrop, NOIPolls surveyed to find out the views of Nigerians regarding their expectations for the New Year and hereby presents its findings. Survey Findings Nigerians were asked the top three areas they want the government to focus its attention on in 2025 and the poll revealed that the three top include Agriculture (53 percent), Better economic policies (42 percent), and Security (35 percent). Other areas Nigerians want the government to prioritize include reducing fuel prices (26 percent), infrastructure development (21 percent), electricity supply (20 percent), empowerment/job creation (16 percent), education (10 percent), economy/cost of living (9 percent), health care (7 percent), bilateral relation (3 percent), exchange rate (2 percent) while 7 percent stated they preferred not to say.      Expectations of the Government for 2025 Conclusion From the survey, Nigerians stated what they want the government to pay attention to as the year unfolds: Agriculture, better economic policies, and security. These areas stand to bring a new lease of life to Nigerians if given the utmost attention necessary. For instance, the agricultural sector has the propensity to revamp the country’s ailing and oil-dependent economy to a more vibrant and robust one which can bring in the much-needed foreign exchange while creating jobs for the teeming populace in dire need of a source of livelihood. Concentrating on these highlighted areas will bring needed socio-economic transformation for Nigerians for a better and more prosperous 2025.   Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing December 16th, 2024. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states, and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .    Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com Number: +234 (0) 813 547 4512                  +234 (0) 813 749 6113 [1] https://www.statista.com/statistics/382311/nigeria-gdp-distribution-across-economic sectors/#:~:text=Distribution%20of%20gross%20domestic%20product%20(GDP)%20across%20economic%20sectors%20Nigeria%202022&text=In%202022%2C%20agriculture%20contributed%20around,percent%20from%20the%20services%20sector. [2]   Importance of Agriculture in Nigeria » PIECE — WITHIN NIGERIA [3]   “No More N80k/50kg”: Sellers Quote Rice at New Price as Cost Jollof Doubles in 2024 - Legit.ng [4]   “No More N80k/50kg”: Sellers Quote Rice at New Price as Cost Jollof Doubles in 2024 - Legit.ng [5]  with the North West region the worst hit with over 200,000 death [6] https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1631221-kidnappings-cost-nigerians-n223-trillion-year-nbs-says/ [7] https://www.vedantu.com/english/new-year-essay