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May 6, 2025 - by Sunny Idachaba Nigerians’ perception about corruption still high A corruption perception index poll released by Afrobarometer to journalists, Tuesday in Abuja, as part of its Round 10 of such surveys shows that many Nigerians still see corruption as one of the major menaces inhibiting development in the country. This was during an interactive session with journalists and some civil society groups in attendance at the corporate head office of Afrobarometer Nigeria. Speaking during the session, NOI Poll’s director of research, Peter Oshai noted that the result was the outcome of polls conducted late last year in which majority of Nigerians say they have lost trust in many public institutions. According to its details, eight in every 10 Nigerians (80%) say that the level of corruption in the country somewhat doubled over the past year with the police on top of the most corrupt followed by the parliament. But religious, traditional institutions and civil society groups, according to the poll, are the least on the corruption perception index. The poll noted that 67 percent of Nigerians paid bribe to receive police assistance in 2024. Within the same year, 56 percent paid bribe for identity document, 53 percent paid bribe to avoid problem with the police while 26 percent paid bribe for medical care. Speaking on this, Oshai said the extent of perception that Nigerians have developed about corruption in public institutions these days is alarmingly too high and therefore wants the government to do something about it. As published in Blueprint

May 6, 2025 | Nigerianpilot1 | By Ere-ebi Agedah Imisi Nigerians Muted In Fear As Corruption Hits New High A new Afrobarometer survey has revealed a troubling rise in public concern about corruption in Nigeria, with a growing number of citizens saying that fear of retaliation is silencing them. The findings were disclosed to journalists on Tuesday in Abuja during a press briefing organised by NOIPolls, Afrobarometer’s national partner in Nigeria. Presenting the survey, Director of Research at NOIPolls, Peter Oshaji, explained that 80% of Nigerians believe corruption has increased significantly over the past 12 months, nearly double the 43% who held the same view in 2017. The report paints a bleak picture of accountability in public institutions, with key agencies and government offices widely perceived as corrupt. The Nigeria Police Force was ranked as the most corrupt institution, with 70% of respondents saying that “most” or “all” police officials are involved in corruption. Other institutions that received similarly negative assessments include the National Assembly 65%, the Presidency 62%, local government councils 55%, tax offices 55%, and the judiciary 54%. The survey also found that many Nigerians continue to face demands for bribes when accessing public services. 67% of respondents who sought police assistance reported paying a bribe, while 56% said the same when applying for a government document. More than half, 53% admitted to offering bribes to avoid trouble with the police, and 26% reported paying bribes at public medical facilities. Most concerning, however, is that only one in 10 Nigerians believe they can report corruption without facing retaliation, highlighting a growing climate of fear and mistrust in the system. Also Read Entertainment coy signs 2 artistes to promote music industry The report further shows that 90% of citizens rate the government’s performance in tackling corruption as “fairly badly” or “very badly”. The findings are part of Afrobarometer’s Round 10 survey, conducted between 19 June and 17 July 2024, using face-to-face interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians. Afrobarometer has been conducting surveys across Africa since 1999, offering critical insights into governance, democracy, and public service delivery. As published by Nigerian Pilot

Infographics A growing majority of Nigerians say corruption worsened over the past year, and only a few believe that people can report it to the authorities without fear of retaliation, Afrobarometer’s latest survey reveals. Key public institutions are widely seen as corrupt, including the police, the Presidency, Parliament, tax and local government offices, and judges and magistrates. Findings also show that many citizens are forced to pay bribes to access basic public services. Most say the government is performing poorly in its fight against corruption. Key findings Eight in 10 Nigerians (80%) say the level of corruption in the country increased “somewhat” or “a lot” over the past year, nearly double the proportion who thought corruption increased in 2017 (43%) (Figure 1). Among key public institutions, the police are most widely perceived as corrupt: 70% of respondents say “most” or “all” police officials are involved in corruption. Majorities say the same about Parliament (65%), the Presidency (62%), local government councillors (55%), tax officials (55%), and judges and magistrates (54%) (Figure 2). Among citizens who sought selected public services during the previous year, substantial proportions say they had to pay a bribe to obtain police assistance (67%), to get a government document (56%), to avoid problem with the police (53%), or to receive services at a public medical facility (26%) (Figure 3). Only one in 10 Nigerians (10%) believe that people can report corruption to the authorities without fear of retaliation (Figure 4). An overwhelming majority (90%) of Nigerians say the government is doing “fairly badly” or “very badly” at fighting corruption in government (Figure 5). Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022. Charts Figure 1 : Level of corruption | Nigeria | 2015-2024 Corruption Level in Nigeria (Trend Analysis) Respondents were asked: In your opinion, over the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same? Figure 2: Perceptions of corruption in key institutions | Nigeria | 2024 Perception of Corruption in Nigerian Institutions Respondents were asked:   How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (% who say most/all of them) Figure 3: Payment of bribes to access public services | Nigeria | 2024 Accessing Public Services in Nigeria Respondents were asked:  In the past 12 months: Have you had contact with a public clinic or hospital? Have you tried to get an identity document like a birth certificate, driver’s license, passport or voter’s card, or permit from government? Have you requested assistance from the police? How often have you encountered the police in other situations, like at checkpoints, during identity checks or traffic stops, or during an investigation? Respondents who had contact with these public services were asked:  And how often, if ever, did you have to pay a bribe, give a gift, or do a favour [for a public official to obtain the needed service or avoid problems]? (% who say “once or twice,” “a few times,” or “often”) (Respondents who did not have contact with these public services are excluded.) Figure 4: Risk of retaliation for reporting corruption | Nigeria | 2017-2024 Perception on Corruption Reporting Respondents were asked: In this country, can ordinary people report incidents of corruption without fear, or do they risk retaliation or other negative consequences if they speak out? Figure 5: Evaluation of government performance in fighting corruption  | Nigeria | 2024 Government Performance to Fighting Corruption Respondents were asked: How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say: Fighting corruption in government?     For more information, please contact: NOIPolls Raphael Mbaegbu Telephone: +234 63292096 Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com   Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org www.noi-polls.com   Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.

Infographics Abuja, Nigeria. April 25, 2025  – In commemoration of World Malaria Day (WMD), which is held on April 25th every year, NOIPolls conducted a public opinion poll to find out the views of Nigerians regarding malaria disease. Findings from the poll indicate that most adult Nigerians (95 percent) believe that malaria is one of the most worrisome health challenges in the country [1] . This is corroborated by the World Health Organisation report, which states that Nigeria continues to lead the world in malaria cases and deaths despite decades of global and domestic investments. The 2024 World Health Organization reports highlight that Nigeria accounted for 26 percent of the global malaria cases, making it the most malaria-affected nation worldwide [2] . The report further reveals that out of the estimated 263 million malaria cases recorded globally, Nigeria accounted for 68 million cases, followed by DRC Congo with 33 million malaria cases [3] . This shows that Nigeria is among the 11 High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) countries, a group responsible for 66 percent of global malaria cases and 68 percent of deaths worldwide [4] .   Further findings from the poll indicate that most adult Nigerians (74 percent) are unaware of any ongoing malaria prevention or elimination campaign in their community. Interestingly, 75 percent of respondents admitted that they or members of their household had treated malaria in the last three months. When asked if they ran a lab test to ascertain it was malaria, the poll result indicates that 69 percent answered in the affirmative, while 28 percent said it was self-diagnosed. Respondents were further asked the specific names of antimalarial drugs they typically purchase. The results revealed Amatem tablets (9%), Coartem (6%), and Lonart (6%) were the most frequently cited medications. Interestingly, over half of the respondents (52%) indicated they could not recall the name of the malaria treatment they usually buy. To determine what action Nigerians take when they feel symptoms of malaria, the poll posed a question: “What do you do when you have symptoms of malaria? Findings revealed that half of Nigerian households (51 percent) reported that they go to the hospital. Other respondents stated that they visit Chemists (17 percent), Pharmacies (13 percent), take herbs (7 percent), and buy from hawkers (2 percent), while 2 percent self-medicate, with 1 percent respectively saying they either pray, run a lab test, or drink lots of water. Interestingly, 4 percent of Nigerians say they do nothing when they feel symptoms of the malaria disease. Similarly, poll results reveal that 65 percent of Nigerians nationwide affirm they have an insecticide-treated net. However, 35 percent stated otherwise, with a greater proportion (30 percent) of Nigerians not knowing where to get one. Analysis by geographical location shows that the North-West (42 percent) and North-Central (38 percent) regions have the highest proportion of Nigerians who do not know where to get an insecticide-treated net. The 65 percent who stated that they have an insecticide-treated net were further probed to know if they slept under the net the previous night.     Findings show that more than half (52 percent) of Nigerian households report they did not sleep under the net due to hot weather. This is followed by 11 percent who feel uncomfortable sleeping under the net and 8 percent who believe no mosquitoes around as it is not the season for it, amongst other reasons cited.   Lastly, the poll also probed to ascertain if Nigerians are aware of the symptoms of malaria disease and preventive measures. The results indicate that headache (41 percent), body pain (31 percent), and high body temperature (29 percent) were the top-mentioned symptoms, amongst others. Similarly, when asked what to do to prevent malaria, the poll results show that a larger proportion of Nigerians nationwide mentioned sleeping inside a mosquito-treated net (46 percent). Other measures adopted include spraying insecticide routinely (25 percent), cleaning household surroundings (20 percent), and drainage of stagnant water (9 percent).    A report trend analysis reveals an increase from 2021 (45 percent), 2023 (50 percent), and 2025 (75 percent) in the proportion of Nigerians who treated Malaria in the past three months. These are some of the key findings from the Malaria Poll  conducted in the week commencing April 14th, 2025. Trend Analysis: Malaria Treatment Background World Malaria Day (WMD) is commemorated on April 25th annually to highlight the need for continued investment and sustained political commitment to malaria prevention and control. It is also a day to raise awareness regarding the need to unite and fight the menace malaria poses to the larger population of the world. The theme for World Malaria Day 2025 is: Malaria Ends with Us: Reinvest, Reimagine, Reignite . This theme aims to raise awareness about the urgent actions needed in the fight against malaria, emphasizing the importance of continued investment, innovation, collaboration, and commitment from the global malaria eradication community [5] .   Globally, malaria infection continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among children and pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that approximately 95 percent of malaria cases and 96 percent of all malaria deaths occurred in the African Region in 2021. Children under 5 alone accounted for about 80% of all these malaria deaths in the Region. In the same report, an estimated 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths occurred globally, and this suggests that we still have a long way to go to meet the 2030 malaria goals.   Nigeria is one of the countries in the world with the highest burden of malaria, accounting for a quarter of all cases in Africa [6] . It is estimated that more than half of Nigeria's population experiences at least one episode of malaria each year, accounting for approximately 30 percent of outpatient visits, 20 percent of all hospital admissions, and 10 percent of hospital deaths [7] . Usually, pregnant women are largely predisposed to severe anaemia, especially in specified areas where malaria prevalence is very high in Nigeria [8] . Occurring more amongst primigravidae (first-time mothers), these groups are highly susceptible to malaria due to their low immunity [9] .   We know how to end malaria [10] . The choice is ours: act now or risk losing ground. Ending malaria is not just a health imperative; it is an investment in a more equitable, safer, and prosperous future for every nation [11] . On World Malaria Day, let us reinvest, Reimagine, and reignite so that Malaria Ends with us [12] . In commemoration of the 2025 World Malaria Day, NOIPolls surveyed to gauge the perception of Nigerians regarding malaria disease and hereby presents its findings.   Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge the level of awareness of Nigerians regarding malaria intervention initiatives across communities. The poll result shows that the majority (74 percent) of respondents reported that they are not aware of any malaria prevention or elimination campaign going on in their community. However, 23 percent answered in the affirmative, with more respondents coming from the North-west (35 percent) and North-east (32 percent) regions. Awareness on Malaria Elimination Campaign When respondents were asked if they think malaria is one of the most worrisome health challenges in Nigeria, nearly all respondents (95 percent) said ‘yes’. This cuts across gender, geographical locations, and age. However, just a handful (4 percent) of respondents stated otherwise.  Perceptions on Malaria Respondents were asked if they or members of their household had treated malaria in the last three months, and findings showed that most respondents (75 percent) acknowledged they or a member of their household had treated malaria. The South-East zone (83 percent) accounted for the highest number of respondents who made this assertion. On the contrary, 24 percent of the respondents reported that they or members of their household have not treated malaria in the last three months. Household treatment of Malaria Furthermore, the survey sought to know what Nigerians do when they feel symptoms of malaria. Findings show that half of Nigerian households (51 percent) reported that they go to the hospital. Others visit a Chemist (17 percent), Pharmacy (13 percent), take herbs (7 percent), buy from hawkers (2 percent), self-medicate (2 percent), pray, run a lab test, drink lots of water (1 percent each). Interestingly, 4 percent of Nigerians say they do nothing when they feel symptoms of malaria. Actionable steps to Malaria symptom Respondents (75 percent) who admitted to treating malaria in the last three months were further probed to know if they ran a lab test to ascertain it was malaria. The result indicates that 69 percent responded in the affirmative. On the contrary, 28 percent stated that it was self-diagnosed. Malaria Testing When asked the name of the drug(s) they usually buy to treat malaria, the poll result showed that Amatem tablet (9 percent), Coartem (6 percent), and Lonart (6 percent each) were the top-mentioned medications. Drugs used to treating Malaria Subsequently, in determining if Nigerians have insecticide-treated nets. The result shows that 65 percent of respondents interviewed answered in the affirmative. However, 35 percent stated otherwise, with a greater proportion (30 percent) of Nigerians not knowing where to get it. Analysis by geographical location shows that the North-West (42 percent) and North-Central (38 percent) regions have the highest proportion of Nigerians who do not know where to get an insecticide-treated net. Access to Insecticide treated Nets Respondents (65 percent) who have an insecticide-treated net were further probed to know if they slept under the net the previous night. Findings show that more than half (52 percent) of Nigerian households report they do not sleep under the net due to hot weather. This is followed by 11 percent who feel uncomfortable sleeping under the net and 8 percent who believe no mosquitoes around as it is not the season for it, amongst other reasons cited. Use of Insecticide treated Nets Lastly, the poll probed to ascertain if Nigerians are aware of the symptoms of malaria disease and preventive measures. The results indicate that headache (41 percent), body pain (31 percent), and high body temperature (29 percent) were the top-mentioned symptoms, amongst others. Similarly, when asked what to do to prevent malaria disease, findings reveal that sleeping inside a mosquito-treated net (46 percent), spraying insecticide routinely (25 percent), and cleaning household surroundings (20 percent) were the top-mentioned preventive measures Nigerians adopt. Cited symptoms and prevention from malaria To track the trend of Malaria treatment amongst Nigerians, a comparison of findings from the 2021, 2023, and 2025 NOIPolls Malaria Poll indicates a significant increase in the proportion of people that treated for malaria in the past three months. While the current poll reveals that 75 percent of respondents have either treated or have family members who had treated malaria in the last 3 months, 45 percent and 50 percent had the same experience in 2021 and 2023, respectively. Trend Analysis Conclusion In conclusion, the poll report showed that 95 percent affirmed that malaria is one of the most worrisome health challenges in the country and admitted that they or a member of their household had treated malaria in the last three months. And interestingly, 69 percent of Nigerian households reported that they ran a lab test to ascertain it was malaria. The poll result shows that the top-mentioned symptoms include headache (41 percent), body pain (31 percent), high temperature (29 percent), and fatigue (20 percent).   While findings revealed that 35 percent of Nigerians reported that they do not have an insecticide-treated net, with a greater proportion (30 percent) not knowing where to get it, the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is a strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for malaria prevention [13] . In Nigeria, ITNs have been periodically distributed since 2007 through campaigns [14] . Nigeria has a long-standing program of insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution to combat malaria, with campaigns and distribution efforts taking place across various states [15] . It is imperative that the government at all levels re-strategize, re-invent ideas, and intensify efforts on awareness creation on the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and other malaria preventive measures across communities, from grassroots to urban areas, to eliminate the disease if Nigeria is to meet the 2030 malaria goals.    Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing April 14th, 2025. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions and 36 states and the FCT. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise, within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%, we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitations in excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele-density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .   Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues that form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162                  +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://www.icirnigeria.org/nigeria-still-carries-worlds-highest-malaria-burden/ [2] https://www.icirnigeria.org/nigeria-still-carries-worlds-highest-malaria-burden/ [3] https://www.icirnigeria.org/nigeria-still-carries-worlds-highest-malaria-burden/ [4] https://www.icirnigeria.org/nigeria-still-carries-worlds-highest-malaria-burden/ [5]   https://www.mmv.org/events/world-malaria-day-2025 [6]   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516759/ [7]   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516759/ [8]   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516759/ [9] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516759/ [10]   https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2025 [11]   https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2025 [12]   https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-malaria-day/2025 [13] https://www.google.com/search?

Infographics: Source of Drinking Water Abuja, Nigeria. March 24, 2025  – In commemoration of World Water Day, which is held on the 22nd of March every year, NOIPolls conducted a public opinion poll to find out the views of Nigerians regarding access to water. The Poll result revealed that borehole water (39 percent) is the primary source of drinking water for households in Nigeria. This assertion was mostly from residents in the North-central region (46 percent). The survey result corroborates an Online publication of Vanguard News dated 20th of March 2023. According to the report, average families have returned to borehole water due to the rising cost of pure water (sachet water) [1] . Sachet water is a common form of selling pre-filtered or sanitised water in plastic, heat-sealed bags [2] . At inception, it was easy to buy a bag of sachet water, which contains 20 sachets, at a cost of N50 [3] . However, with the high cost of sachet water, average families are now wearing the I-don’t-care mask, to embrace drinking borehole water again [4] .Those without boreholes visit places where there are boreholes to fetch water at a cost of N50 per 25 litre, or for free [5] . Other sources of drinking water cited by respondents include sachet water (36 percent), ‘’tap water’’ (9 percent), ‘’well water ‘’ (7 percent), and ‘bottled water’ (6 percent) amongst others.   Unfortunately, more than half of Nigerian households (52 percent) reported that access to water is challenging, with most respondents coming from the North-Central region. This Finding corroborates the submission of Akinbode Oluwafemi, the Executive Director of CAPPA (Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa.) that In Nigeria alone, a staggering 113 million people suffer from painful hardship and crippling deprivation of water [6] . Across geo-political zones, findings also show that access to Tap water from the State Water Boards is abysmal with a majority (13%) of Nigerians from the North-East reporting Tap water as their main source of drinking water.   Moreso, findings show that only 33 percent of Nigerians admit that they treat water before drinking. When probed to ascertain the methods they employ in treating their water, the poll showed that more than half (51 percent) of Nigerian households disclosed that they boil the water. Similarly, 20 percent stated that they use other chemicals to make their drinking water safe. Other methods of treatment employed by the respondents include the use of a water guard (16 percent), water filter (7 percent) and just a handful (2 percent) who claim that the water is already treated.   Interestingly, most Nigerians (67 percent) do not treat their water in any form before drinking regardless of the source. This result corroborates Statista’s report on ‘ ’water treatment for safe drinking’’  in 2020 which revealed that in Nigeria, most households did not treat water for safe drinking [7] . In a survey conducted that year, 86 percent of Nigerian households declared not to treat water before drinking [8] . Water treatment could, among others, decrease the risk of diseases [9] .   Subsequently, the poll probed to know what illnesses are associated with unclean water. The result shows that typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments. This finding is in line with the Library of Science 2022 publication on ‘ ’ Availability of Drinking Water Source and the Prevalence of Diarrhoea among Nigerian Households’’ . According to the report, drinking contaminated water has been linked to the transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio [10] . Water contamination can occur through the means of a physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance [11] . Inadequate, or inappropriately managed water exposes individuals to preventable health risks [12] . Nigeria is the second-largest contributor to the worldwide under-five mortality rate from diarrhoea, with more than 151,700 deaths annually [13] . The absence of clean water, safely managed sanitation, and hygiene are responsible for almost 88% of the country’s disease burden [14]   Finally, when asked what should be done to address water scarcity in their community, a significant proportion (58 percent) of respondents want the government to provide more boreholes in their communities with the North-Central region (67 percent) having the highest number of respondents who stated this. Other suggestions include constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water 7 percent, and constant power supply (5 percent). These are some of the key findings from the Access to Water Poll  conducted in the week commencing March 10th, 2025.   Background Water is life is a very popular saying, and indeed Water is an essential part of human life, existence, and sustenance on earth [15] . According to research, water makes up about 71% of the earth's surface and similarly, 50-65% of the total human mass is also made up of fluid which is water [16] .   No doubt, water is the silent force that drives life, the invisible thread that ties humanity, nature, and existence itself [17] . Water is a precious natural resource [18] . We cannot imagine life without water [19] . Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes [20] .   Access to water is an indicator that represents the proportion of the population with reasonable access to a sufficient amount of drinking water [21] . According to the WHO, a sufficient amount of drinking water is at least 20 litres per inhabitant per day [22] . ‘Reasonable access’ is generally defined as having a drinking water supply less than fifteen minutes away from the place of residence on foot [23] . While we waste, others struggle [24] . Over 2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water [25] . For them, a drop is a dream. [26]   Sustainable Development Goal Target 6.1 aims to ensure universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. This goal is measured by the indicator of "safely managed drinking water services," which refers to water from an improved source that is accessible on-premises, available when needed, and free from faecal and harmful chemical contamination. However, the situation in Nigeria does not align with this SDG.  A report from the Punch Newspapers dated March 20, 2025, titled, “Dry Taps: A damning verdict on the attack of water utilities in Nigeria,” has shown that most of the major waterworks are functioning epileptically and far below-installed capacity. [27]  This raises concerns about the effectiveness and operations of the State Water Boards throughout Nigeria.   According to the World Health Organisation, 50% of malnutrition cases in children are due to the consumption of unsafe water [28] . More than half of the global population does not have access to safe sanitation services [29] . Considering that current funding for the Water Access, Sanitation and Hygiene sector (known as WASH in humanitarian circles) is wildly insufficient [30] , the implication is that millions of children who should have access to drinking water end up consuming untreated water, developing illnesses from it and dying [31] .   In Nigeria Only 10% of the population has access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services, 68 million people (33% of the population) lack access to basic drinking water services,171 million people (83% of the population) lack basic handwashing facilities [32] .  The UN-Water's flagship World Water Development Report 2025 highlights that water is facing severe threats due to a growing population, rising demands from agriculture and industry, and the ever-increasing effects of climate change. As Nigerians struggle to balance their competing demands on water resources, many other needs are being overlooked. The sad reality is that most Nigerians now live in areas experiencing water stress, where water demand surpasses the available supply. World Water Day is celebrated each year on 22 March to raise awareness of the 2.2 billion people living without access to safe water [33] . It is about taking action to tackle the global water crisis [34] . The theme of World Water Day 2025 is ‘Glacier Preservation’’ [35] . Glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate as the planet warms due to climate change, causing our frozen world to shrink and making the water cycle more unpredictable and extreme. Preserving glaciers is crucial for survival, hence we must work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and manage meltwater more sustainably for people and the planet [36] . This is because nearly 2 billion people rely on water from glaciers, snowmelt and mountain run-off for drinking, agriculture, and energy production [37] . Considering this, NOIPolls conducted a survey in observance of World Water Day to assess Nigerians' perceptions of their access to water. Survey Findings The first question sought to gauge the opinion of Nigerians regarding their primary source of water for daily use and the poll result revealed that 62 percent stated that their main source of water for household use is from boreholes.  The South-East zone had more respondents (82 percent). Other primary sources of water cited include Well water (19 percent) and tap (12 percent) amongst other sources. Daily Source of Water When asked if their source of water is within their household,59 percent answered in the affirmative with the South-West region (82 percent) having the highest proportion of respondents who made this assertion. On the other hand, 41 percent stated otherwise. Source of Water within Households Respondents (41 percent) who do not have water within their households were further asked how many minutes they travel by foot to get to their source of water. Findings show that the majority (72 percent) spend about 15 minutes. Those who spend about 30 minutes are 16 percent. 4 percent claim they spend about 45 minutes, 3 percent say 1 hour, and 2 percent spend above 1 hour. Distance to Source of Water Subsequently, the poll sought to know the main source of drinking water for Nigerians. The result shows that borehole is presently the main source of drinking water for Nigerian households as disclosed by 39 percent of the respondents interviewed.  The North-Central zone (46 percent) accounted for the highest proportion of Nigerians who made this claim. This is followed by 36 percent of the respondents who admitted that their main source of drinking water is sachet water. In addition, 9 percent revealed that they currently get their drinking water from tap water amongst other sources. Source of Drinking Water The poll further probed to know if Nigerians treat water in their households before drinking. The result indicates that most Nigerians do not treat water in their households before drinking as disclosed by 67 percent of respondents surveyed. However, 33 percent of Nigerians affirmed they treat water to make it suitable for drinking. Water Treatment within Households Respondents (33 percent) who admitted to treating water before drinking were further probed to ascertain the methods, they employ in treating their water. The poll showed that more than half (51 percent) of Nigerian households disclosed that they boil the water before drinking. Similarly, 20 percent stated that they use other chemicals to make their drinking water safe. Other methods of treatment employed by the respondents include the use of a water guard (16 percent), water filter (7 percent) and just a handful (2 percent) who claim that the water is already treated. Treatment methods within Households The survey also sought to determine if Nigerians are aware of the illnesses associated with unclean water.  The result shows that typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments. Identified Illnesses associated with unclean water On challenges in accessing water, the analysis revealed that 52 percent of Nigerian households have challenges accessing and this was mostly prevalent in the northern region; North-central (67 percent) and North-East (65 percent) to be specific. On the contrary, 48 percent of Nigerians do not have challenges accessing water in their households Perception on Access to Clean Water Lastly, to address water scarcity in their communities. Findings revealed that a higher percentage (58 percent) of Nigerians surveyed suggested the provision of more boreholes/solar boreholes. Other suggestions include constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water (7 percent) constant water supply (5 percent) as measures of tackling water scarcity in their communities. Measures to addressing Water Scarcity                                                                                                  Conclusion In conclusion, findings have shown that more than half of Nigerian households (52 percent) reported that access to water is a challenge to them with most respondents coming from the North-Central region (67 percent), and borehole water (39 percent) being the major source of drinking water for households across Nigeria. The poll results also revealed that of the 41 percent who do not have access to water within their household, 72 percent travel by foot for about 15 minutes to get to their water source. Unfortunately, 67 percent disclosed they do not treat water before drinking with the North-West region (76 percent) having the highest proportion of Nigerians who stated this. Typhoid (46 percent), cholera (33 percent), and diarrhoea (10 percent) were the top-mentioned ailments associated with unclean water.   According to water aids, clean water can create a ripple effect that will be felt for generations [38] . By ensuring people have clean water close to their homes, they will be better able to stay free of disease [39] . When they are healthy and well, they are better able to go to school or to grow food they can eat or sell [40] . And they will be better able to earn a living and put money aside for the future [41] . In short, communities will be stronger, so they can plan and prepare for whatever tomorrow brings [42] .   To address water scarcity across communities’ poll results, show that a larger proportion of Nigerians (58 percent) suggested that the government should provide more boreholes /solar boreholes. Other suggestions include: constant water supply (19 percent), provision of tap water (7 percent) constant water supply (5 percent) as measures of tackling water shortages in their communities.   Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing April 29th, 2024. It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65%; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 per cent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .   Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 9 - 290 4162                  +234 (0) 9 – 291 4877 [1] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [2] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [3] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [4] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [5] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/rising-cost-of-pure-water-average-families-return-to-borehole-water/ [6] https://cappaafrica.org/2024/03/23/110-million-nigerians-lack-safe-drinking-water-report/ [7] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [8] https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [9]   https://www.statista.com/statistics/1268173/households-who-treat-water-for-safe-drinking-in-nigeria/ [10] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [11] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [12] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [13] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [14] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9651543/ [15] https://www.businesstoks.com.ng/pure-water/ [16] https://www.businesstoks.com.ng/pure-water/ [17] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [18] https://byjus.com/biology/water/ [19] https://byjus.com/biology/water/ [20] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water [21] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [22] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [23] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [24] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [25] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [26] https://toneop.com/blog/world-water-day [27] https://punchng.com/most-nigerian-waterworks-functioning-below-capacity-report/ [28] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [29] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [30] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [31] https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/headline/everything-you-need-to-know-about-global-access-to-water/ [32]   https://www.wateraid.org/ng/media/wateraid-launches-project-to-improve-access-to-sustainable-water-sanitation-and-   hygiene [33] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/ [34] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/ [35] https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/events/world-water-day-2025/   [36] https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day [37] https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day [38] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [39] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [40] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [41] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change [42] https://www.wateraid.org/ng/water-and-climate-change

Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 958 | Raphael Mbaegbu and Chukwudebe Nwanze Summary The removal of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy has reshaped the country’s economic landscape, driving up not only fuel prices but the overall costs of living. Fuel subsidies, which provided government financial assistance to keep fuel prices below prevailing market rates, were first introduced in the 1970s in response to the 1973 oil-price shock (Chika, 2023). In 2012, the government attempted to remove the subsidy, a move that sparked nationwide protests. Public outcry and prolonged demonstrations, which nearly escalated into violent unrest, led the government to reinstate the subsidy. Since then, successive administrations have failed to remove the subsidy due to concerns about public opposition and potential unrest. In May 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu announced the removal of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy (Premium Times, 2023). The decision, which came unexpectedly, was met with widespread concern about its economic implications. The immediate aftermath saw a sharp increase in the prices of goods and services across the country. Fuel prices surged from N185 per liter in 2023 to N1,025 per liter in 2024, while the currency exchange rate weakened from 460 naira to 1,700 naira per U.S. dollar (Punch, 2024). The combined effects of the fuel-subsidy removal and the unification of the naira’s exchange rate have exacerbated the cost of living for many Nigerians. The rising cost of goods and services has significantly weakened purchasing power, a particular problem for low-income households. World Bank (2024) projections estimated that by the end of 2024, about four in 10 Nigerians would be living below the international poverty line. Inflation reached record levels in June 2024, driven primarily by escalating food and fuel prices and foreign exchange volatility (National Bureau of Statistics, 2024). As inflationary pressures mount, economic hardship deepens, triggering ripple effects throughout society (Jarmajo, 2024). As Nigeria navigates these economic challenges, the long-term effects of subsidy removal remain a focal point of public discourse and policy debate. Afrobarometer survey findings show that Nigerians' already-grim assessments of the country’s overall direction, its economic situation, and their personal living conditions have continued to worsen. The proportion of citizens experiencing moderate or high levels of lived poverty remains overwhelming. Nigerians’ ratings of their government’s performance on key economic issues are almost unanimously negative. Economic issues dominate citizens’ top priorities for government action, including the increasing cost of living, poverty, unemployment, and management of the economy. Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians in June-July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022. Key findings ▪        More than nine out of 10 Nigerians (93%) say the country is going in “the wrong direction.”   Only 6% see things going in the right direction, a 31-percentage-point drop since 2017. ▪        Nearly nine in 10 citizens (88%) say the country’s economic condition is “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up 30 percentage points since 2020. o    And three-fourths (74%) report poor personal living conditions. ▪        More than nine in 10 Nigerians (95%) say they or someone in their household went without a cash income at least once during the previous year. Most also report shortages of food (82%), medical care (82%), water (74%), and cooking fuel (79%). o    The share of Nigerians experiencing moderate or high levels of lived poverty has increased by 41 percentage points since 2017 (from 38% vs. 79%). ▪        The increasing cost of living is the most frequently cited problem that Nigerians want the government to address. The economic issues of poverty, unemployment, and management of the economy also make the top five, along with crime/security. ▪        Ratings of the government’s economic performance are overwhelmingly negative. Fewer than one in 10 Nigerians rate the government positively on improving living standards of the poor (8%), managing the economy (7%), creating jobs (6%), narrowing gaps between rich and poor (5%), and keeping prices stable (3%). ▪        A large majority (85%) of respondents disapprove of the government’s decision to remove the government’s fuel subsidy. Only 12% approve of the removal. ▪        Almost six in 10 (58%) say the government should reinstate the fuel subsidy even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education. More than one-third (35%) disagree. Direction of the country and state of the economy An overwhelming proportion of Nigerians (93%) say the country is heading in “the wrong direction” (Figure 1). A mere 6% think the country is headed in “the right direction.” The share of Nigerians who consider the country to be on the wrong path has been increasing consistently since 2017. The view that the country is heading in the wrong direction is consistent – at nine out of 10 respondents or more – across key demographic groups (Figure 2). Figure 1: Overall direction of the country | Nigeria | 2012-2024 Overall direction of the country  Respondents were asked: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Figure 2: Country going in the wrong direction | by demographic group | Nigeria     | 2024  Country going in the wrong direction Respondents were asked: Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? (% who say “going in the wrong direction”) National economy and personal living conditions Large majorities of Nigerians offer negative assessments of economic conditions. Almost nine in 10 (88%) describe the country’s economic condition as “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up from 58% recorded in 2020 (Figure 3). About three-fourths (74%) say their personal living conditions are “fairly bad” or “very bad,” compared to 47% in 2020. Figure 3: Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions | Nigeria | 2012-2024 Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions Respondents were asked: In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country?   Your own present living conditions? (% who say “fairly bad” or “very bad”)   Respondents’ negative assessments of economic conditions mirror widespread personal experience of deprivation when it comes to basic life necessities (Figure 4). Majorities say they or someone in their household went without enough food (82%), enough clean water (74%), and medical care (82%) [1]  at least once during the previous year, including about one in four who say this happened “many times” or “always.” More than nine in 10 (95%) report going without a cash income at least once during the year, while 79% say they experienced shortages of cooking fuel. Calculating Lived Poverty Index [2]  scores based on respondents’ reported shortages of basic necessities, we find that eight in 10 Nigerians experienced moderate (41%) or high (38%) levels of lived poverty during the preceding year (Figure 5).   The share of Nigerians with moderate or high lived poverty has increased by 41 percentage points since 2017 (from 38% to 79%) (Figure 6).   Figure 4: Deprivation of basic necessities | Nigeria | 2024 Deprivation of basic necessities Respondents were asked: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Figure 5: Levels of lived poverty | Nigeria | 2024 Levels of lived poverty Lived poverty scores are calculated based on responses to the following questions: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Figure 6: Lived poverty trends | Nigeria | 2014-2024  Lived poverty trends Lived poverty scores are calculated based on responses to the following questions: Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family gone without: Enough food to eat? Enough clean water for home use? Medicines or medical treatment? Enough fuel to cook your food? A cash income? Most important problems facing Nigeria Economic concerns dominate Nigerians’ priorities for government action (Figure 7). Four of the five most important problems that citizens want their government to address are economic issues: the increasing cost of living (33%), poverty (27%), unemployment (27%), and management of the economy (25%). Figure 7: Most important problems | Nigeria | 2024 Most important problems Respondents were asked: In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Respondents could give up to three answers. The figure shows the percentage of respondents who cite each problem as one of up to three priorities.) Government’s economic performance In line with their appraisals of the country’s direction, Nigerians overwhelmingly disapprove of their government’s handling of the economy (Figure 8). More than nine in 10 citizens say the government is doing “fairly badly” or “very badly” on keeping prices stable (97%), narrowing gaps between rich and poor (95%), creating jobs (94%), managing the economy (93%), and improving the living standards of the poor (92%).   Figure 8: Evaluation of government’s economic performance | Nigeria | 2024   Evaluation of government’s economic performance Respondents were asked:   How well or badly would you say the current government is handling the following matters, or haven’t you heard enough to say? Views on the fuel-subsidy removal After announcing the end of Nigeria’s fuel subsidy in May 2023, the president emphasised that the decision was not intended to burden citizens but to protect the country from economic collapse (Guardian, 2024). Despite the explanation, most Nigerians (85%) disapprove of removing the subsidy, including 52% who “strongly disapprove.” Only 12% say they approve (Figure 9). Here, too, there is very little disagreement among key demographic groups: All disapprove of the government’s removal of the fuel subsidy by more than eight in 10 (Figure 10). Figure 9: Views on government decision to remove fuel subsidy| Nigeria| 2024 Views on government decision to remove fuel subsidy| Respondents were asked:   Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, or haven’t you heard enough to say?   Figure 10: Disapproval of government decision to remove fuel subsidy                                    | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024 Disapproval of government decision to remove fuel subsidy Respondents were asked:   Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies or haven’t you heard enough to say? (% who “disapprove and “strongly disapprove”) Should fuel subsidy be reinstated? After the fuel subsidy was removed, Nigerians saw a record increase in the pump price of petrol and food-supply challenges across the country. Almost six in 10 citizens (58%) say the government should reinstate the fuel subsidy, even if this means reducing expenditures on other important sectors such as health or education. But more than one-third (35%) disagree (Figure 11). Figure 11: Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? | Nigeria | 2024   Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? Respondents were asked:   Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Rural residents (62%) are more likely than urban dwellers (52%) to support reinstating the fuel subsidy, and Northerners (63%) favour reinstatement more than Southerners (52%) (Figure 12). Support is also higher among youth aged 18-35 (61%), those with primary education or less (60%-61%), and economically well-off citizens (60%). Figure 12: Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy? | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024 Should the government reinstate the fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education?     People’s views on whether to reinstate the fuel subsidy do not seem to depend on whether they think the country is on the right path or the wrong path: Regardless of their thoughts about Nigeria’s overall direction, just short of six in 10 favour reinstatement (Figure 13). But views on the fuel subsidy do vary by respondents’ assessments of the economy and their own living conditions (Figure 14). Those who think the country’s economic condition is bad are more likely to call for reinstating the fuel subsidy than those who see the economy as good (59% vs. 46%). Similarly, respondents who are unhappy with their personal living conditions endorse reinstating the fuel subsidy more strongly than those who are satisfied with their living conditions (57% vs. 51%). Figure 13: Views on reinstating fuel subsidy | by assessment of the country’s direction | Nigeria | 2024    Views on reinstating fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Figure 14: Views on reinstating fuel subsidy | by assessment of economic and living conditions | Nigeria | 2024  Views on reinstating fuel subsidy Respondents were asked: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Conclusion Most Nigerians are dissatisfied with the country’s direction and cite increasingly harsh economic conditions. Large majorities rate both the national economy and their personal living conditions negatively. Furthermore, lived poverty has been on the rise since 2017, signaling deepening hardship, and most citizens disapprove of the government’s handling of economic issues. Most Nigerians also disapprove of the government’s removal of the fuel subsidy, with nearly two-thirds calling for its reinstatement – even at the expense of funding for health and education. References Chika, C. (2023). Much ado about the politics of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria . Afrocritik. 1 June. Guardian. (2024). Oil subsidy removal designed to prevent Nigeria’s collapse — Tinubu.  1 December. Jarmajo, M. (2024). Nigeria and crisis of economic hardship.  ThisDay. August. Mattes, R., & Lekalake, R. (2025).  Decade of destitution? Severe lived poverty is surging in many African countries . Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 943. National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). CPI and inflation report June 2024.   Premium Times. (2023). Fuel subsidy is gone – Tinubu declares . 29 May. Punch. (2024). Tinubu must mitigate hardships arising from petrol price hikes . 4 November. World Bank. (2024). Poverty & equity brief. Nigeria.   Raphael Mbaegbu is the head of social research and Afrobarometer project manager for NOIPolls, the Afrobarometer national partner in Nigeria. Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com . Chukwudebe Nwanze is a senior research associate at NOIPolls. Email: dnwanze@noi-polls.com . Afrobarometer, a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, non-partisan research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35 countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University, the University of Cape Town, and the University of Malawi provide technical support to the network. Financial support for Afrobarometer is provided by Sweden via the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) via the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation via the World Bank Think Africa Project, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the Open Society Foundations - Africa, Luminate, the Ford Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Mastercard Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the European Union Commission, the World Bank Group, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Uganda, the Embassy of Sweden in Zimbabwe, and GIZ. Donations help Afrobarometer give voice to African citizens. Please consider making a donation to Afrobarometer. To make an online donation, kindly follow this link  or this link . To discuss institutional funding, contact Felix Biga ( felixbiga@afrobarometer.org ) or Runyararo Munetsi ( runyararo@afrobarometer.org ). For more information, please visit www.afrobarometer.org . Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. [1]  Due to rounding, percentages for combined categories reported in the text may differ slightly from the sum of sub-categories shown in figures (e.g. for medical care, 26% “many times” or “always, 31% “several times,” and 24% “just once or twice” sum to 82%). [2]    Afrobarometer’s Lived Poverty Index (LPI) measures respondents’ levels of material deprivation by asking how often they or their families went without basic necessities (enough food, enough water, medical care, enough cooking fuel, and a cash income) during the preceding year. For more on lived poverty, see Mattes and Lekalake (2025).

Infographics Abuja, Nigeria. January 27, 2025  – A new public opinion poll conducted by NOIPolls has revealed an impressive assertion that education is important, with 95 percent of Nigerians indicating a strong consensus on the value of education across the population. This overwhelming majority reflects a societal recognition of education as a top priority and its critical role in individual and national development.   Furthermore, the poll findings highlight the awareness and challenges related to educational empowerment programs. Alarmingly, only 15 percent of respondents reported being aware of initiatives supporting education, while 70 percent of this group indicated that they or someone they know has benefited from these programs. Awareness levels varied across geopolitical zones, with the highest in the North-West at 74 percent and the lowest in the North-Central at 60 percent.   Further findings also identified significant barriers to accessing quality education, with 54 percent citing financial constraints as the most pressing issue, lack of qualified teachers (17 percent), and insufficient learning materials and infrastructure (11 percent) respectively were other barriers cited. In addressing these challenges, participants suggested measures to improve education: Hiring qualified teachers (17 percent), enhancing learning facilities (16 percent), providing free education (13 percent), and reducing educational costs or offering scholarships.   These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to enhance the quality of education in Nigeria, emphasizing the importance of community awareness and resource allocation. These are key findings from the Education Poll conducted in the week commencing January 13th, 2025 .   Background The term "education" originates from the Latin words educare, meaning "to bring up," and educere, meaning "to bring forth [1] . "There are several perspectives on the concept of education but the definition many agree with is that education is a purposeful activity aimed at achieving goals like the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits [2] .  UNESCO’s Convention Against Discrimination in Education (CADE, 1960) which is the first instrument in the field of the right to education, defined education in article 1(2) as “all types and levels of education, including access to education, the standard and quality of education and the conditions under which it is given” [3] .   Education is the basic building block of every society [4] . It is the single best investment countries can make to build prosperous, healthy, and equitable societies [5] . Article 26 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to education [6] .” The right to quality education is already firmly rooted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international legal instruments, the majority of which are the result of the work of UNESCO and the United Nations [7] .   Education is not only a right, but a passport to human development that opens doors and expands opportunities and freedoms [8] . It is a basic human right that works to raise men and women out of poverty, and levels of inequalities and ensure sustainable development [9] . But worldwide, 244 million children and youth are still out of school for social, economic, and cultural reasons [10] . SDG goal No. 4 states that by 2030, each country’s youths and a large proportion of adults achieve literacy and numeracy, achieving an all-inclusive, equitable education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all [11] .’’   Unfortunately, a unified set of education policies is yet to be successfully implemented in Nigeria [12] . Characterized by regional differences in quality, curriculum, and funding within the system [13] , the educational systems in Nigeria are divided into two the public and the private [14]  . Currently, Nigeria possesses the largest population of out-of-school learning youths in the world [15] . UNICEF reports that one in three children is out of school in Nigeria, with 10.2 million children in primary school and 8.1 million in junior secondary school (JSS) not attending school [16]  . Additionally, 12.4 million children have never attended school, and 5.9 million left school prematurely [17] . Nigeria’s out-of-school population represents 15% of the global total, a staggering figure worsened by growing insecurity, banditry, extreme multidimensional poverty, and illiteracy in Africa’s most populous country [18] .   According to the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack,  Nigeria is one of the many countries that witnessed a series of attacks on education [19] . Between 2020 and 2021, over 1,980 students and educators were harmed, over 1,400 students were abducted, and several educational structures were destroyed because of violence [20] . According to the 2022 "Education Under Attack" report, there were six attacks on education per day on average, with women and girls reported as the major victims [21] . Likewise, schoolboys are often coerced or dragged into conflicts as militias or into the national army. Other factors such as early marriage, religious and cultural beliefs, child labor, low access to education, and low-quality education exemplified by poor teaching and learning facilities and environment and irrelevant curriculum are some of the factors that can deter the achievement of SDG 4 in Nigeria [22] .The latest data on Nigeria’s literacy rate in 2024 stood at 59.57% [23] .   Interestingly, the Nigerian government has made some efforts to improve access to education, with programs like the mass literacy programs as well as the school feeding program to improve enrollment, but positive results have been slow in coming [24] . UNESCO’s latest global education monitoring report stated that out-of-school children in Nigeria have increased to an estimated 20 million [25] . A redeemed educational sector in Nigeria depends on people and systems [26] . The odds are stacked against Nigeria meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 4 for quality and equitable education [27] . Nigeria’s education budget remains far below UNESCO’s recommended 15-20% and has hovered between 5-9% over the last few years [28] . This underinvestment makes it even harder to close the literacy gap and build a future in which all Nigerians can thrive [29] . Against this backdrop, NOIPolls surveyed to gauge the perceptions and opinions of Nigerians regarding education in Nigeria and hereby presents its findings.   Survey Findings Respondents nationwide were asked, “How important do you think education is in Nigeria” and the analysis of Education Sentiment in Nigeria revealed that 95 percent of Nigerians affirm that education is important. This indicates a strong consensus on the value of education among the population nationwide.  Further analysis shows that 84 percent of respondents view education as "very important” and 11 percent consider it "important". The overwhelming majority (95 percent) signifies that education is a top priority for Nigerians, reflecting a societal recognition of its role in individual and national development. The distinction between "very important" and "important" suggests the majority consider education as crucial.   The analysis across gender indicates that education is highly valued, with 97 percent of females and 94 percent of males expressing a strong commitment to its importance. Highlighting a shared cultural belief that education is essential for growth and development. Additionally, support for education across geopolitical zones is similarly robust. The North-East zone with the highest percentage at 98 percent, while the North-Central and South-East regions each stand at 94 percent. The overall data underscores a strong, collective commitment to education in Nigeria. Importance of Education Ratings on the quality of education across communities in Nigeria reveal a mixed perspective: positive, negative, and neutral stance. Only 37 percent of Nigerians rated the quality of education in their communities as good, with 23 percent indicating "good" and 14 percent "very good." This suggests notable dissatisfaction among a significant portion of the population regarding the educational quality locally. Additionally, 28 percent of respondents considered the education quality to be poor, broken down to 17 percent rating it "poor" and 11 percent "very poor." This highlights serious concerns about the effectiveness and outcomes of educational institutions in their communities. Interestingly, 34 percent of respondents remained neutral regarding the quality of education. This may indicate a lack of sufficient information or personal experience to form a strong opinion, pointing to potential gaps in communication or awareness about educational standards and achievements. Rating the quality of education On initiatives and programs, only 15 percent of Nigerians reported being aware of any empowerment programs or initiatives aimed at supporting education in their communities. This highlights a significant gap in knowledge and awareness among the populace. The low percentage suggests that many individuals may not have access to vital educational resources, or support systems that could enhance learning opportunities, or existing programs that support education in communities are not effectively communicated or advertised, limiting their reach and impact. Awareness on programs supporting education Of the 15 percent of Nigerians who reported awareness of empowerment programs supporting education in their communities, 70 percent indicated that they or someone they know has benefited from these initiatives. Across geopolitical zones, awareness of empowerment programs was highest in the North-West at 74 percent and lowest in the North-Central at 60 percent. Beneficiaries of education programs/initiatives Furthermore, on the challenges that Nigerians face in assessing quality education, results from the survey revealed that the top three challenges faced in assessing quality education are: “financial constraint” (54 percent), “lack/shortage of qualified teachers” (17 percent) and Lack of learning materials/infrastructure (11 percent). Challenges to accessing quality education Consequently, the survey asked respondents what could be done to improve the quality of education in their communities. The top four suggestions include: hiring qualified teachers (17 percent), providing good learning facilities (16 percent), offering free education (14 percent), and reducing the cost of education or providing scholarships (13 percent). Measures to Improving Education Quality Conclusion In conclusion, the survey results strongly emphasize the critical role of education in Nigeria's development, with 95 percent of respondents recognizing its significance. This widespread acknowledgment underscores the urgent need for stakeholders, including the government, educational institutions, and community organizations, to collaborate in improving the nation's education system.   However, the survey also highlights significant challenges that hinder educational progress. Financial constraints, particularly for families, pose a major barrier to accessing quality education. Furthermore, a shortage of qualified teachers and limited awareness of available educational empowerment programs exacerbate these issues. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes investing in teacher training, improving school infrastructure, and implementing strategies to reduce the financial burden on families.   Survey Methods The opinion poll was conducted in the week commencing January 13th, 2025 . It involved telephone interviews of a proportionate nationwide sample of 1,000 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geo-political regions 36 states, and the FCT of the country. Interviews were conducted in 5 languages – Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Pidgin English, and English. Although we can say with 95 percent confidence that the results obtained were statistically precise – within a margin of error of plus or minus 4.65 percent; we recognize that the exclusive use of telephone polling has its limitation of excluding non-phone-owning Nigerians. Nonetheless, with the country’s tele density put over 100 percent by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), we consider our telephone polling approach appropriate. Also, given the rigorous scientific process of randomization and stratification applied, we can confidently stand by the validity of our methodology and approach. NOIPolls Limited, No. 1 for country-specific polling services in West Africa. We conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com .   Disclaimer This press release has been produced by NOIPolls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the public, we only request that NOIPolls be acknowledged as authors whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited, or published. NOIPolls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect the views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or facts, or any views expressed herein by NOIPolls for actions taken because of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions, or views herein constitute a judgment as of the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOIPolls' current findings and/or thinking.   Press Contact Email:       editor@noi-polls.com                   cakubue@noi-polls.com                   nohuche@noi-polls.com   Number: +234 (0) 813 547 4512                  +234 (0) 813 749 6113   [1]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education [2]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education [3] https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/focus-areas/right-to-education.html [4]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [5]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [6]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [7]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [8]   https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/education-all [9]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [10]   https://www.unesco.org/en/right-education [11] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [12]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [13]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [14]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [15]   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria [16] https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [17]   https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [18] https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [19] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [20] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [21] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [22]   https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [23] https://www.verivafrica.com/insights/bridging-the-literacy-gap-in-nigeria [24] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria/ [25] https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/international-literacy-day-achieving-sdg-4-still-a-long-way-off-for-nigeria [26]   https://srjlegal.com/national-policy-on-education-and-basic-education-in-nigeria/ [27] https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis [28] https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis [29]   https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/187820/nigerian-literacy-crisis

Infographics A large majority of Nigerians support the inclusion of sex education in school curricula, according to the latest Afrobarometer survey. However, there is significantly less support for making contraceptives widely accessible to all sexually active individuals regardless of their age or marital status. Public opinion on abortion remains divided. While a large plurality of Nigerians report that pregnancies are frequently terminated in their communities, a similar proportion say such cases are rare or non-existent.  Large majorities believe abortion is never justified in cases of unwanted pregnancies or economic hardship, although more than half believe it can be acceptable when the mother's life or health is at risk or when the pregnancy is the product of rape or incest. Key findings ▪  Seven in 10 Nigerians (70%) endorse the teaching of sex education in school                       (Figure 1). o    More educated and economically better-off citizens, the elderly, and urban residents are more likely than their counterparts to support the teaching of sex education in schools.   ▪  Only about four in 10 citizens say contraceptives should be made available for anyone who is sexually active regardless of age (40%) and marital status (37%). (Figure 2).  ▪  One in 10 Nigerians (10%) say women and girls in their community “often” terminate their pregnancies, and another 32% say they do so “occasionally.” Fewer than half (45%) say pregnancies are “rarely” or “never” terminated in their community. (Figure 3). ▪  More than seven in 10 citizens say abortion is “never” justified in cases where the pregnancy is unwanted (73%) or where the mother is economically unable to care for a child (71%). (Figure 4).  o    But majorities think abortion is “sometimes” or “always” justified if the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest (51%) or if the mother’s health or life is as risk (59%). Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022.   Charts   Figure 1: Should schools teach sexual education? | by demographic group | Nigeria | 2024       Perceptions on Sex Education: Demographic Representation Respondents were asked: For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Schools should teach sexuality education to young people to help them make informed decisions. Figure 2: Should contraceptives be available regardless of age and marital status?           | Nigeria | 2024   Perceptions on Availability of Contraceptive Respondents were asked: For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you disagree or agree: Contraceptives should be available to everyone who is sexually active regardless of age and marital status .   Figure 3: Frequency of pregnancy termination | Nigeria | 2024 Frequency of Termination of Pregnancies within communities Respondents were asked: In your opinion, how often, if ever, do women or girls in your community terminate their pregnancies?               Figure 4: Justification of pregnancy termination  | Nigeria | 2024 Justification of Pregnancy Termination Respondents were asked: For each of the following situations, please tell me whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified for a woman to terminate a pregnancy if: The pregnancy is as a result of rape or she has been impregnated by a close relative such as her father or brother? Her health or life is in danger if she keeps the pregnancy?  She is going through economic hardships and cannot take care of a child? She does not want to keep the pregnancy for any reason? For more information, please contact: NOIPolls   Raphael Mbaegbu   Telephone: +234 63292096   Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com       Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org   www.noi-polls.com   Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica.                    Social Media Handles

Infographics News release A large majority of Nigerians disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, with more than half calling for their reinstatement even at the expense of other key sectors such as health and education, the latest Afrobarometer survey shows.  Almost two years after the elimination of the subsidies, public dissatisfaction with the country’s economic direction has reached record levels. More than nine in 10 Nigerians say the country is heading in the wrong direction.  Nearly as many citizens say the economy is in bad shape, while three-fourths report poor personal living conditions.  The most important problem that Nigerians want the government to address is the increasing cost of living, followed by crime and security, poverty, unemployment, management of the economy, and electricity.  Key findings ▪  A large majority of respondents “disapprove” (33%) or “strongly disapprove” (52%) of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies. Only 12% approve of their removal (Figure 1). ▪  Almost six in 10 (58%) say the government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education (Figure 2).  ▪  More than nine in 10 Nigerians (93%) say the country is going in “the wrong direction.” This represents increases of 30 percentage points since 2017 (63%) and 4 points since the most recent survey in 2022 (89%) (Figure 3).  ▪  Nearly nine in 10 citizens (88%) say the country’s economic condition is “fairly bad” or “very bad,” up 30 percentage points from 2020 (Figure 4). o  And three-fourths (74%) report poor personal living conditions. The increasing cost of living (33%) is the most frequently cited problem that Nigerians want the government to address, followed by crime and security (31%), poverty (27%), unemployment (27%), management of the economy (25%), and electricity (25%) (Figure 5).  Afrobarometer surveys Afrobarometer is a pan-African, non-partisan survey research network that provides reliable data on African experiences and evaluations of democracy, governance, and quality of life. Nine survey rounds in up to 42 countries have been completed since 1999. Round 10 surveys were launched in January 2024. Afrobarometer’s national partners conduct face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice. The Afrobarometer team in Nigeria, led by NOIPolls, interviewed a nationally representative, random, stratified probability sample of 1,600 adult Nigerians between 19 June and 17 July 2024. A sample of this size yields country-level results with a margin of error of +/-2.5 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. Previous standard surveys were conducted in Nigeria in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2020, and 2022.   Charts   Figure 1: Views on government's decision to remove fuel subsidies | Nigeria | 2024  Perceptions on fuel subsidy removal Respondents were asked: Do you approve or disapprove of the government’s decision to remove fuel subsidies, or haven’t you heard enough to say?   Figure 2: Should fuel subsidies be reinstated? | Nigeria | 2024 Support for reinstating subsidy removal Respondents were asked:  Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The Nigerian government should reinstate fuel subsidies even if this means reducing other important expenditures such as health or education? Figure 3: Overall direction of the country | Nigeria | 2012-2024  Perception on the overall direction of Nigeria Respondents were asked:   Would you say that the country is going in the wrong direction or going in the right direction? Figure 4: Negative assessments of the country’s economic condition and personal living conditions | Nigeria | 2012-2024  Assessment of Nigeria's economic/personal living condition Respondents were asked:  In general, how would you describe: The present economic condition of this country? Your own present living conditions? Figure 5: Most important problems | Nigeria | 2024  Top problems to be addressed by Government Respondents were asked : In your opinion, what are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? (Respondents could give up to three answers. Figure shows % of respondents who cite each problem as one of their three priorities.) For more information, please contact: NOIPolls   Raphael Mbaegbu   Telephone: +234 63292096   Email: rmbaegbu@noi-polls.com     Visit us online at: www.afrobarometer.org   www.noi-polls.com   Follow our releases on #VoicesAfrica. Social Handles